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Enhanced Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell Lines via Low-Dose Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Lactobacillus casei

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Abstract

As a leading global cause of mortality, cancer continues to pose a significant challenge. The shortcomings of prevalent cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, necessitate the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as a promising solution, with their synthesis being widely researched due to their potential applications. Among the diverse synthesis methods for SeNPs, the green chemistry approach holds a distinctive position within nanotechnology. This research delves into the anti-proliferative and anticancer properties of green-synthesized SeNPs via the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus casei (LC-SeNPs), with a specific focus on MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines. SeNPs were synthesized employing the supernatant of L. casei. The characterization of these green-synthesized SeNPs was performed using TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and DLS. The biological impact of LC-SNPs on MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells was examined via MTT, flow cytometry, scratch tests, and qRT-PCR. Both FE-SEM and TEM images substantiated the spherical shape of the synthesized nanoparticles. The biosynthesized LC-SNPs reduced the survival of MCF-7 (by 20%) and HT-29 (by 30%) cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Flow cytometry revealed that LC-SNPs were capable of inducing 28% and 23% apoptosis in MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, respectively. In addition, it was found that LC-SNPs treated MCF-7 and HT-29 cells were arrested in the sub-G1 phase. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression levels of the CASP3, CASP9, and BAX genes were elevated after treating MCF-7 and HT-29 cells with LC-SNPs. Further, SeNPs were observed to inhibit migration and invasion of MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells. The SeNPs, produced via L. casei, demonstrated strong anticancer effects on MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, suggesting their potential as biological agents in cancer treatment following additional in vivo experiments.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

SeNPs:

Selenium nanoparticles

CFS:

Cell-free supernatant

L. casei :

Lactobacillus casei

LC-SeNPs:

Green-synthesized SeNPs via the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus casei

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

Se:

Selenium

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

UV-vis:

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

SEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

XRD:

X-ray powder diffraction

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analysis

HFF:

Human foreskin fibroblasts

RT:

Reverse transcriptase

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

DAPI:

4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Islamic Aazad University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Sirjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sirjan, Iran

    Zahra Haji Mehdi Nouri

  2. Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran

    Farzaneh Tafvizi

  3. Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Science, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran

    Kumarss Amini

  4. Faculty Member, Department of Microbiology, Sirjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sirjan, Iran

    Nooshin Khandandezfully

  5. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran

    Babak Kheirkhah

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  1. Zahra Haji Mehdi Nouri
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Contributions

Z. H. M. N.: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing — original draft. F. T.: methodology, project administration, data curation, supervision, writing — review and editing. K. A.: assisted in performing the cell culture experiments. N. KD.: assisted in performing the cell culture experiments. B. K.: assisted in performing the cell culture experiments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Farzaneh Tafvizi.

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Haji Mehdi Nouri, Z., Tafvizi, F., Amini, K. et al. Enhanced Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell Lines via Low-Dose Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Lactobacillus casei. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 1288–1304 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03738-5

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