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Multifactorial Screening Reveals New Insight into Early Cadmium Exposure and Garlic Interactions in Dicentrarchus labrax

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Abstract

Environmental pollutants and especially metal trace elements remain an unmitigated threat to the overall life support system. Their chemical stability and accumulation pattern in the ecosystem make them a persistent hazard. This study aims to characterize the early cadmium (Cd) histological and hematological alterations and their corresponding plasma indicators in the Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also assessed garlic potential to prevent cadmium toxicity. For this purpose, 200 fish of 55 g mean weight were separated into 3 cylindroconical fiberglass tanks of 500-L capacity, each with a stocking density of 4 kg m−3. The fish were regularly hand-fed 0% (control group), 2%, and 6% garlic-supplemented diets to apparent satiation twice a day for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, we injected 22.2 mM cadmium (CdCl2) intraperitoneally to the experimental groups and a placebo solution (9% NaCl) to the control groups; liver, kidney, heart, and blood tissue alterations were monitored with a full screening of their plasmatic indicators, 24 h before and 48 h after Cd injection. Subsequently, whole blood count and blood smears were performed to follow up on Cd-induced vascular damages. Our data showed that Cd induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, leading to widespread bleeding and cellular alterations in the targeted tissues. These alterations were associated with an obvious normochromic normocytic anemia in favor of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Cd injection has also seriously inhibited the overall enzymatic activities triggering a metabolic shift. Although garlic supplementation had little effect on cadmium-induced alterations, it significantly reduced biomass dispersion. Our data is the first evidence of the cadmium versatile toxicity involving vascular alterations as a central and a leading cause of the overall parenchymal lesions. Cd toxicity was associated with a specific enzymatic signature, which must be considered during the interpretation.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Tunisia Ministry of Defense and the Tunisian Higher Education and Scientific Research along with Mr. Kathy Newman.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemical and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Sousse University, 4042, Chott Mariem, Tunisia

    Amine Mosbah & Mohamed Banni

  2. Laboratory of Ichthyology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Manouba University, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia

    Raouf Dhaouadi

  3. Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia

    Nouha Ben Abdeljelil

  4. National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Monastir Center, Monastir, Tunisia

    Hamadi Guerbej

Authors
  1. Amine Mosbah
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  2. Raouf Dhaouadi
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  3. Nouha Ben Abdeljelil
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  4. Hamadi Guerbej
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  5. Mohamed Banni
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Correspondence to Amine Mosbah.

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Highlights

• Cadmium toxicity is mediated through endothelial alterations.

• Cadmium induced an overall inhibition in plasma enzymatic activity.

• Garlic supplementation significantly improved growth and feed efficiency.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

Approximate feed (base) and water compositions (DOC 45 kb)

ESM 2

Garlic phytochemicals assessments, Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of 3 replicates (DOCX 14 kb)

ESM 3

Analysis of the liver histological changes before and after Cd injection in different experimental groups. (DOCX 17 kb)

ESM 4

Analysis of the pancreas and the kidney histological changes before and after Cd injection, in different experimental groups (DOCX 17 kb)

ESM 5

Analysis of blood cell and cardiac histological changes before and after cadmium injection (DOCX 14 kb)

ESM 6

Biochemical indicators measured in fish blood. (a) Heat map of plasmatic indicators, and (b) bars plot of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); creatine kinase (CK); gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT); blood urea noytogen (BUN); creatinine (CRT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Color intensity correlates with the parameter s’ activity, Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of at least 10 replicates, * Significant differences using two ways robust ANOVA test (horizontal comparison). (PDF 707 kb)

ESM 7

Biochemical indicators measured in fish blood. (a) Heat map and (b) bars plot of total cholesterol (CHL); triglycerides (TG);total protein (TP);total bilirubin (TB);calcium(Ca);phosphorus (P) and Ca.P ratio. Color intensity correlates with the parameter s’ activity . Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of at least 10. * Significant differences using two ways robust ANOVA test (horizontal comparison). (PDF 713 kb)

ESM 8

Fish growth parameters. (SGR) specific growth rate, (K.factor) fulton’s condition factor, (FCR) feed conversion rate; Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of at least 10 replicates, a,b: groups with the same letter have significant differences using one way robust ANOVA test with p < 0.05 (horizontal comparison). (DOCX 22 kb)

ESM 9

Fish growth parameters. (SGR) specific growth rate, (K.factor) fulton’s condition factor, (FCR) feed conversion rate; Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of at least 10 replicates, a,b: groups with the same letter have significant differences using one way robust ANOVA test with p < 0.05 (horizontal comparison). (PDF 1790 kb)

ESM 10

Metals accumulation profile in liver tissue results published in (Mosbah et al., 2017) (DOCX 17 kb)

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Mosbah, A., Dhaouadi, R., Abdeljelil, N.B. et al. Multifactorial Screening Reveals New Insight into Early Cadmium Exposure and Garlic Interactions in Dicentrarchus labrax. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 4759–4771 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02592-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02592-7

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