Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Green Approach to Overcome the Resistance Pattern of Candida spp. Using Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum F9

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Candida species are the most common causative agents responsible for the majority of morbidity as well as mortality rates due to invasive fungal infections worldwide. In this study, a green approach was developed to control the pathogenic Candida spp. isolated from clinical samples, and prior data collections, ethics approval was obtained. Sixty candida isolates were obtained from the different device-associated infections and identified as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata with prevalence rates 41.6, 38.3, 8.3, 6.6, and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were extra-cellular synthesized by biomass filtrate of previously identified Penicillium chrysogenum strain F9. The physico-chemical characterizations of biosynthesized Ag-NPs were assessed by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DIS), and zeta potential (ζ) analysis. Data revealed successful synthesis of crystallographic spherical Ag-NPs with average size 18 to 60 nm at maximum absorption peak 415 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups related to reduction, capping, and stabilizing Ag-NPs. The DLS analysis showed that NPs were homogenous and stable with poly-dispersity index (PDI) and ζ value 0.008 and − 21 mV, respectively. Susceptibility pattern analysis revealed that sixty Candida isolates (100%) were susceptible to Ag-NPs as compared to 25 isolates (41.6%), and 30 isolates (50%) were susceptible to fluconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. Interestingly, 30 Candida isolates (50%) were resistant to amphotericin B, which are more than those recorded for fluconazole (17 isolates with percent 28.3%), while 18 candida isolates (30%) were susceptible dose-dependent to fluconazole. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentration 50/90 (MIC50/90) was 62.5/125, 16/64, and 1/4 for Ag-NPs, fluconazole, and amphotericin B, respectively. However, green synthesized Ag-NPs can be used to overcome the resistance pattern of Candida spp., and recommended as an anti-candida agent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

References

  1. Tóth R, Nosek J, Mora-Montes HM, Gabaldon T, Bliss JM, Nosanchuk JD, Turner SA, Butler G, Vágvölgyi C, Gácser A (2019) Candida parapsilosis: from genes to the bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev 32(2):e00111–e00118

  2. Enoch DA, Yang H, Aliyu SH, Micallef C (2017) The changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections. In: Human fungal pathogen identification. Springer, pp 17-65

  3. Ghaddar N, Anastasiadis E, Halimeh R, Ghaddar A, Dhar R, AlFouzan W, Yusef H, El Chaar M (2020) Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans causing vaginal discharge among pregnant women in Lebanon. BMC Infect Dis 20(1):1–9

  4. Organization WH (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. World Health Organization,

  5. Garcia-Perez JE, Mathé L, Humblet-Baron S, Braem A, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P, Liston A (2018) A framework for understanding the evasion of host immunity by Candida Biofilms. Front Immunol 9:538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Li W, Hu Y-a, F-q L, L-n S, H-f S, Huang M, Wang Y, D-d H, Liao H, Ma C-f (2015) Distribution of yeast isolates from invasive infections and their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents: evidence from 299 cases in a 3-year (2010 to 2012) surveillance study. Mycopathologia 179(5-6):397–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee W-J, Hsu J-F, Lai M-Y, Chiang M-C, Lin H-C, Huang H-R, Wu I-H, Chu S-M, Fu R-H, Tsai M-H (2018) Factors and outcomes associated with candidemia caused by non-albicans Candida spp versus Candida albicans in children. Am J Infect Control 46(12):1387–1393

  8. Martins N, Barros L, Henriques M, Silva S, Ferreira IC (2015) Activity of phenolic compounds from plant origin against Candida species. Ind Crop Prod 74:648–670

  9. Salem SS, Fouda A (2020) Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their prosective biotechnological applications: an overview. Biol Trace Elem Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02138-3

  10. Al-Nuairi AG, Mosa KA, Mohammad MG, El-Keblawy A, Soliman S, Alawadhi H (2019) Biosynthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from cyperus conglomeratus root extracts on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01791-7

  11. Taha ZK, Hawar SN, Sulaiman GM (2019) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Penicillium italicum and its antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities. Biotechnol Lett 41(8–9):899–914

  12. Hassan SE-D, Fouda A, Radwan AA, Salem SS, Barghoth MG, Awad MA, Abdo AM, El-Gamal MS (2019) Endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces spp mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles as a promising tool for biotechnological applications. JBIC J Biol Inorganic Chem 24(3):377–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-019-01654-5

  13. Fouda A, Saad E, Salem SS, Shaheen TI (2018) In-Vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and UV protection properties of the biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for medical textile applications. Microb Pathog 125:252–261

  14. Sharaf OM, Al-Gamal MS, Ibrahim GA, Dabiza NM, Salem SS, El-ssayad MF, Youssef AM (2019) Evaluation and characterization of some protective culture metabolites in free and nano-chitosan-loaded forms against common contaminants of Egyptian cheese. Carbohydr Polym 223:115094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shaheen TI, Salem SS, Zaghloul S (2019) A new facile strategy for multifunctional textiles development through in situ deposition of SiO2/TiO2 nanosols hybrid. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(44):20203–20212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fouda A, Abdel-Maksoud G, Abdel-Rahman MA, Eid AM, Barghoth MG, El-Sadany MA-H (2019) Monitoring the effect of biosynthesized nanoparticles against biodeterioration of cellulose-based materials by Aspergillus niger. Cellulose 26(11):6583–6597

  17. Calderón-Jiménez B, Johnson ME, Montoro Bustos AR, Murphy KE, Winchester MR, Vega Baudrit JR (2017) Silver nanoparticles: technological advances, societal impacts, and metrological challenges. Frontiers in chemistry 5:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Elfeky AS, Salem SS, Elzaref AS, Owda ME, Eladawy HA, Saeed AM, Awad MA, Abou-Zeid RE, Fouda A (2020) Multifunctional cellulose nanocrystal/metal oxide hybrid, photo-degradation, antibacterial and larvicidal activities. Carbohydr Polym 230:115711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rajeswaran S, Thirugnanasambandan SS, Dewangan NK, Moorthy RK, Kandasamy S, Vilwanathan R (2019) Multifarious pharmacological applications of green routed eco-friendly iron nanoparticles synthesized by Streptomyces Sp. (SRT12). Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01777-5

  20. Rad M, Taran M, Alavi M (2018) Effect of incubation time, CuSO4 and glucose concentrations on biosynthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with rectangular shape and antibacterial activity: Taguchi method approach. Nano Biomed Eng 10(1):25–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Luo K, Jung S, Park K-H, Kim Y-R (2018) Microbial biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in different culture media. J Agric Food Chem 66(4):957–962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Saha N, Gupta SD (2017) Low-dose toxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles fabricated by Swertia chirata on root tips and flower buds of Allium cepa. J Hazard Mater 330:18–28

  23. Hassan SELD, Salem SS, Fouda A, Awad MA, El-Gamal MS, Abdo AM (2018) New approach for antimicrobial activity and bio-control of various pathogens by biosynthesized copper nanoparticles using endophytic actinomycetes. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 11(3):262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2018.05.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kahzad N, Salehzadeh A (2020) Green synthesis of CuFe2O4@ Ag nanocomposite using the chlorella vulgaris and evaluation of its effect on the expression of norA efflux pump gene among Staphylococcus aureus strains. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02055-5

  25. Fouda A, Hassan SE-D, Abdo AM, El-Gamal MS (2019) Antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal activities of spherical silver nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic Streptomyces spp. Biol Trace Elem Res 195:707–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01883-4

  26. Wang L, Hu C, Shao L (2017) The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomedicine 12:1227–1249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mukherjee S, Chowdhury D, Kotcherlakota R, Patra S (2014) Potential theranostics application of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (4-in-1 system). Theranostics 4(3):316–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Parashar UK, Saxena PS, Srivastava A (2009) Bioinspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials & Biostructures (DJNB) 4 (1)

  29. Mohmed AA, Saad E, Fouda A, Elgamal MS, Salem SS (2017) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus sp. and evaluation of their antibacterial and cytotoxicity. J Appl Life Sci Int. https://doi.org/10.9734/JALSI/2017/33491

  30. Cyril N, George JB, Joseph L, Raghavamenon A, VP S (2019) Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-proliferative (lung cancer cell line A549) activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Derris trifoliata. Toxicol Res 8 (2):297–308

  31. Mohamed NA, Pathmanathan SG, Hussin H, Zaini AB (2018) Distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. J Infect Dev Countries 12(02):102–108

  32. Baradkar V, Mathur M, Kumar S (2010) Hichrom Candida agar for identification of Candida species. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53(1):93–95

  33. Fouda A, Abdel-Maksoud G, Abdel-Rahman MA, Salem SS, Hassan SE-D, El-Sadany MA-H (2019) Eco-friendly approach utilizing green synthesized nanoparticles for paper conservation against microbes involved in biodeterioration of archaeological manuscript. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 142:160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.05.012

  34. Elamawi RM, Al-Harbi RE, Hendi AA (2018) Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma longibrachiatum and their effect on phytopathogenic fungi. Egypt J Biological Pest Control 28(1):28

  35. Rolim WR, Pelegrino MT, de Araújo LB, Ferraz LS, Costa FN, Bernardes JS, Rodigues T, Brocchi M, Seabra AB (2019) Green tea extract mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles: characterization, cytotoxicity evaluation and antibacterial activity. Appl Surf Sci 463:66–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lass-Flörl C, Arendrup M, Rodriguez-Tudela J-L, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly P, Hope W, Testing ECoAS (2011) EUCAST technical note on amphotericin B. Clin Microbiol Infect 17(12):E27–E29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Vázquez-González D, Perusquía-Ortiz AM, Hundeiker M, Bonifaz A (2013) Opportunistic yeast infections: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, trichosporonosis and geotrichosis. JDDG: J Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 11(5):381–394

    Google Scholar 

  38. Liu X, Fan S, Bai F, Li J, Liao Q (2009) Antifungal susceptibility and genotypes of Candida albicans strains from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycoses 52(1):24–28

  39. Sobel JD (2007) Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet 369(9577):1961–1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Matare T, Nziramasanga P, Gwanzura L (2017) Robertson V (2017) Experimental germ tube induction in Candida albicans: an evaluation of the effect of sodium bicarbonate on morphogenesis and comparison with pooled human serum. Biomed Res Int 2017:1–5

  41. Gahlot G, Soni S, Gandhi P, Patel S, Katara R, Vegad M, Savalia A (2013) Effectiveness of CHROM agar Candida, a differential isolation medium for rapid identification of clinically important Candida species. Int J Microbiol Res 5(6):494

  42. Silva F, Ferreira S, Duarte A, Mendonca DI, Domingues FC (2011) Antifungal activity of Coriandrum sativum essential oil, its mode of action against Candida species and potential synergism with amphotericin B. Phytomedicine 19(1):42–47

  43. Masri SN, Noor SM, Nor LAM, Osman M, Rahman MM (2015) Candida isolates from pregnant women and their antifungal susceptibility in a Malaysian tertiary-care hospital. Pakistan J Med Sci 31(3):658

  44. Bassetti M, Taramasso L, Nicco E, Molinari MP, Mussap M, Viscoli C (2011) Epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and outcome of nosocomial candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in Italy. PLoS One 6(9)

  45. Pfaller M, Diekema D, Gibbs D, Newell V, Ellis D, Tullio V, Rodloff A, Fu W, Ling T (2010) Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion. J Clin Microbiol 48(4):1366–1377

  46. Morace G, Borghi E, Iatta R, Amato G, Andreoni S, Brigante G, Farina C, Cascio GL, Lombardi G, Manso E (2011) Antifungal susceptibility of invasive yeast isolates in Italy: the GISIA3 study in critically ill patients. BMC Infect Dis 11(1):130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ghorbani HR, Alizadeh V, Mehr FP, Jafarpourgolroudbary H, Erfan K, Yeganeh SS (2018) Preparation of polyurethane/CuO coating film and the study of antifungal activity. Prog Org Coat 123:322–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Majeed S, Danish M, Zahrudin AHB, Dash GK (2018) Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from fungal species and its antibacterial and anticancer effect. Karbala Int J Modern Sci 4(1):86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Alsharif SM, Salem SS, Abdel-Rahman MA, Fouda A, Eid AM, Hassan SE, Awad MA,  Mohamed AA, (2020) Multifunctional properties of spherical silver nanoparticles fabricated by different microbial taxa. Heliyon 6 (5):e03943

  50. Moshfegh A, Jalali A, Salehzadeh A, Jozani AS (2019) Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles by cell-free extract of Polysiphonia algae and their anticancer activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. Micro & Nano Letters 14(5):581–584

  51. Khanra K, Panja S, Choudhuri I, Chakraborty A, Bhattacharyya N (2015) Evaluation of antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Scoparia dulcis. Nano Biomed Eng 7(3):128–133

  52. Dong Z-Y, Rao N, Prabhu M, Xiao M, Wang H-F, Hozzein WN, Chen W, Li W-J (2017) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus warneri synthesized using endophytic bacteria by photo-irradiation. Front Microbiol 8:1090

  53. Salem SS, Fouda MMG, Fouda A, Awad MA, Al-Olayan EM, Allam AA, Shaheen TI (2020) Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and larvicidal activity of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles using penicillium corylophilum. J Clust Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01794-8

  54. Weidner T, Breen NF, Drobny GP, Castner DG (2009) Amide or amine: determining the origin of the 3300 cm-1 NH mode in protein SFG spectra using 15 N isotope labels. J Phys Chem B 113(47):15423–15426

  55. Melo-Silveira RF, Fidelis GP, Costa MSSP, Telles CBS, Dantas-Santos N, Elias SO, Ribeiro VB, Barth AL, Macedo AJ, Leite EL (2012) In vitro antioxidant, anticoagulant and antimicrobial activity and in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by xylan extracted from corn cobs. Int J Mol Sci 13(1):409–426

  56. Pourfarzad A, Najafi MBH, Khodaparast MHH, Khayyat MH (2015) Serish inulin and wheat biopolymers interactions in model systems as a basis for understanding the impact of inulin on bread properties: a FTIR investigation. J Food Sci Technol 52(12):7964–7973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. de Oliveira Silva BS, Seabra AB (2016) Characterization of iron nanoparticles produced with green tea extract: a promising material for nitric oxide delivery. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 6(3)

  58. Othman AM, Elsayed MA, Elshafei AM, Hassan MM (2016) Nano-silver biosynthesis using culture supernatant of Penicillium politans NRC510: optimization, characterization and its antimicrobial activity. Int J ChemTech Res 9:433–444

  59. Othman AM, Elsayed MA, Al-Balakocy NG, Hassan MM, Elshafei AM (2019) Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles induced by fungal proteins and its application in different biological activities. J Genet Eng Biotechn 17(1):8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Brozek-Pluska B, Kopec M, Niedzwiecka I, Morawiec-Sztandera A (2015) Label-free determination of lipid composition and secondary protein structure of human salivary noncancerous and cancerous tissues by Raman microspectroscopy. Analyst 140(7):2107–2113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fathy RM, Salem MSE-d, Mahfouz AY (2019) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gliocladium deliquescens and their application as household sponge disinfectant. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01958-2

  62. Ebrahimzadeh Z, Salehzadeh A, Naeemi A, Jalali A (2020) Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Anabaena flos-aquae enhance the apoptosis in breast cancer cell line. Bull Mater Sci 43(1):1–7

  63. Philip D (2011) Mangifera indica leaf-assisted biosynthesis of well-dispersed silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 78(1):327–331

  64. Sudha A, Jeyakanthan J, Srinivasan P (2017) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lippia nodiflora aerial extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. Resource-Efficient Technologies 3(4):506–515

  65. Mohamed A A, Fouda A, Elgamal SM, El-Din Hassan S, Shaheen IT, SalemSS (2017) Enhancing of cotton fabric antibacterial properties by silver nanoparticles synthesized by new Egyptian strain Fusarium keratoplasticum A1-3. Egyptian Journal of chemistry 60. Conference issue. The 8th International Conference of The Textile Research Division (ICTRD 2017), National Research Centre, Cairo, pp 63–71

  66. Fouda A, Mohamed A, Elgamal MS, EL-Din Hassan S, Salem Salem S, Shaheen TI (2017) Facile approach towards medical textiles via myco-synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Der Pharma Chemica 9

  67. Rai M, Ingle AP, Gade A, Duran N (2014) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Phoma gardeniae and in vitro evaluation of their efficacy against human disease-causing bacteria and fungi. IET nanobiotechnology 9(2):71–75

  68. Mohamed AA, Fouda A, Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan SE-D, El-Gamal MS, Salem SS, Shaheen TI (2019) Fungal strain impacts the shape, bioactivity and multifunctional properties of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biocatalysis and Agric Biotechnol 19:101103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Kim S-H, Lee H-S, Ryu D-S, Choi S-J, Lee D-S (2011) Antibacterial activity of silver-nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Korean J Microbiol Biotechnol 39(1):77–85

  70. Tomaszewska E, Soliwoda K, Kadziola K, Tkacz-Szczesna B, Celichowski G, Cichomski M, Szmaja W, Grobelny J (2013) Detection limits of DLS and UV-Vis spectroscopy in characterization of polydisperse nanoparticles colloids. J Nanomater 2013:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Aziz N, Fatma T, Varma A, Prasad R (2014) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Scenedesmus abundans and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. J Nanomater 2014:1–6

  72. Vu NK, Zille A, Oliveira FR, Carneiro N, Souto AP (2013) Effect of particle size on silver nanoparticle deposition onto dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma functionalized polyamide fabric. Plasma Process Polym 10(3):285–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Khan SS, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N (2011) Impact of exopolysaccharides on the stability of silver nanoparticles in water. Water Res 45(16):5184–5190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Singh T, Jyoti K, Patnaik A, Singh A, Chauhan R, Chandel S (2017) Biosynthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using an endophytic fungal supernatant of Raphanus sativus. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 15(1):31–39

  75. Shaheen TI, Fouda A (2018) Green approach for one-pot synthesis of silver nanorod using cellulose nanocrystal and their cytotoxicity and antibacterial assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 106:784–792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sanjenbam P, Gopal J, Kannabiran K (2014) Anticandidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Streptomyces sp. VITPK1. J Mycol Méd 24(3):211–219

  77. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S (2016) A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J Adv Res 7(1):17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Vazquez-Muñoz R, Avalos-Borja M, Castro-Longoria E (2014) Ultrastructural analysis of Candida albicans when exposed to silver nanoparticles. PLoS One 9(10):e108876

  79. Taj-Aldeen S, Kolecka A, Boesten R, Alolaqi A, Almaslamani M, Chandra P, Meis J, Boekhout T (2014) Epidemiology of candidemia in Qatar, the Middle East: performance of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of Candida species, species distribution, outcome, and susceptibility pattern. Infection 42(2):393–404

  80. Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, McCarthy DI, Wiederhold NP (2014) Impact of new antifungal breakpoints on antifungal resistance in Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 52(3):994–997

  81. Dagi HT, Findik D, Senkeles C, Arslan U (2016) Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from bloodstream infections in Konya, Turkey. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 15(1):36

  82. Zhang L, Yang H-F, Liu Y-Y, Xu X-H, Ye Y, Li J-B (2013) Reduced susceptibility of Candida albicans clinical isolates to azoles and detection of mutations in the ERG11 gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 77(4):327–329

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Amal M. Soliman, Walaa Abdel-Latif, Iman H. Shehata & Yasmin M. Ahmed

  2. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Amr Fouda & Abdullah M. Abdo

Authors
  1. Amal M. Soliman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Walaa Abdel-Latif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Iman H. Shehata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amr Fouda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abdullah M. Abdo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yasmin M. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amr Fouda.

Ethics declarations

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee (FMASU REC/ 464/2017) of the Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Soliman, A.M., Abdel-Latif, W., Shehata, I.H. et al. Green Approach to Overcome the Resistance Pattern of Candida spp. Using Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum F9. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 800–811 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02188-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02188-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation