Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing Cassava Flour Consumption Impact on Iodine Nutritional Status in Schoolchildren from Public Schools in Brazil

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food source in many developing countries. This root contains cyanoglucosides, which can aggravate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). To analyze the impact of cassava flour consumption (CFC) on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among schoolchildren from public schools in Bahia, Brazil. Cross-sectional study was conducted on 1231 schoolchildren (ages 6–14 years old). Anthropometric parameters, household food insecurity, UIC, and CFC were evaluated. CFC prevalence was 90.8%. The mean UIC indicated adequate iodine nutrition in group A (CFC positive) and group B (CFC negative) (203.29 ± 81.08 μg/L versus 225.98 ± 76.59 μg/L, respectively). We found that daily cassava flour intake did not significantly raise the risk of iodine deficiency (ID) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.43 [confidence interval (CI) 0.72–2.82]; p = 0.29), nor did it significantly protect against excessive iodine intake (EII) (OR = 0.70[CI 0.39–1.26]; p = 0.24). The prevalence of iodine deficiency (ID) (12.6% versus 8.9%) and EII (9.6% versus 15%) did not significantly differ between both groups. The results of this study suggest that the cyanides present in cassava flour have very little influence on iodine metabolism, which is probably justified by cassava processing methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CFC:

Cassava flour consumption

UIC:

Urinary iodine concentration

TH:

Thyroid hormones

WHO:

World Health Organization

ID:

Iodine deficiency

IDD:

Iodine deficiency disorder

EII:

Excessive iodine intake

NIS:

Sodium-iodine symporter

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

HFIAS:

Household food insecurity assessment statement

MIT:

Monoiodothyronine

DIT:

Diiodothyronine

References

  1. Rohner F, Zimmermann M, Jooste P, Pandav C, Caldwell K, Raghavan R et al (2014) Biomarkers of nutrition for development - iodine review. J Nutr 144:1322–1342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Zimmermann MB (2009) Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev 30:376–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wüst N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB (2010) The Swiss iodized salt program provides adequate iodine for school children and pregnant women, but weaning infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods as well as their mothers are iodine deficient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:5217–5224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Leung AM, Braverman LE (2014) Consequences of excess iodine. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10:136–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zois C, Stavrou I, Kalogera C, Svarna E, Dimoliatis I, Seferiadis K, Tsatsoulis A (2003) High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in schoolchildren after elimination of iodine deficiency in northwestern Greece. Thyroid 13:485–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zimmermann M, Adou P, Torresani T, Zeder C, Hurrell R (2000) Persistence of goiter despite oral iodine supplementation in goitrous children with iron deficiency anemia in Cote d’Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr 71:88–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Thilly CH, Swennen B, Bourdoux P, Ntambue K, Moreno-Reyes R, Gillies J et al (1993) The epidemiology of iodine-deficiency disorders in relation to goitrogenic factors and thyroid-stimulating-hormone regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 57:267–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tubili C, Morviducci L, Nardone MR, Tubili F, De Falco D, Di Folco U (2012) Thyroid and food. A Mediterranean perspective. Med J Nutr Metab 5:195–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Redovnikovi IR, Gliveti T, Delonga K, Vorkapi-fura J (2008) Glucosinolates and their potential role in plant. Period Biol 110:297–309

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ekpechi OL, Dimitriadou A, Fraser R (1966) Goitrogenic activity of cassava (a staple Nigerian food). Nature 210:1137–1138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chandra AK, Mukhopadhyay S, Lahari D, Tripathy S (2004) Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant foods & their in vitro anti-thyroidal activity. Indian J Med Res 119:180–185

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. IBGE (2019) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola (LPSA). Pesquisa Mensal de Previsão e Acompanhamento das Safras Agrícolas,https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/home/lspa/brasil. Accessed 15 Jan 2020

  13. McMahon JM, White WLB, Sayre RT (1995) Cyanogenesis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). J Exp Bot 46:731–741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bradbury JH, Cliff J, Banea JP (2015) Making cassava flour safe using the wetting method. South Sudan Med J 8:4–7

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chandra AK (2015) Iodine, thiocyanate and the thyroid. Biochem Pharmacol 4:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fukushima AR, Nicoletti MA, Rodrigues AJ, Pressutti C, Almeida J, Brandão T, Kinue Ito R, Leoni LAB, Spinosa HS (2016) Cassava flour: quantification of cyanide content. Food Nutr Sci 7:592–599

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pereira AS, Nery JP, Igue T (1965) Seleção de novos clones de mandioca para mesa, pela toxicidade e paladar de suas raízes “in natura”. Bragantia 24:LV–LVIII

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Dufour DL (1988) Cyanide content of cassava (manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) cultivars used by Tukanoan Indians in Northwest Amazonia. Econ Bot 42:255–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Valle TL, Carvalho CRL, Ramos MTB, Muhlen GS, Villela OV (2004) Conteúdo cianogênico em progênies de mandioca originadas do cruzamento de variedades mansas e bravas. 2004. Bragantia 63:221–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cereda MP, Vilpoux O (576) Processamento da mandioca como mecanismo de detoxificação. In: Cereda MP, Vilpux O (eds) Tecnologia, usos e potencialidades de tuberosas amiláceas Latino Americanas. Fundação Cargill, Campinas, pp 620–2003

  21. Hershey CH, Henry G, Best R, Iglesias F, Ariel C (2004) Cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean : resources for global development [on line]. In: A review of Cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean with country case studies on Brazil and Colombia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome, IT, pp 1–13 Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5271e/y5271e04.htm22 IBGE. Accessed 10 Dec 2019

  22. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2016) Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola (LPSA). Pesquisa Mensal de Previsão e Acompanhamento das Safras Agrícolas. 113pp

  23. World Medical Association. 2013. Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 2013; 310: 2191–2194,

  24. Von Elm E, Altman D, Egger M, Pocock S, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2007) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Epidemiology 18:800–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Campos RO, Reboucas SC, Beck R, Jesus LR, Ramos YR, Barreto IR et al (2016) Iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren from public schools in Brazil: a cross-sectional study exposes association with socioeconomic factors and food insecurity. Thyroid 26:972–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Esteves RZ, Kasamatsu TS, Kunii IS, Furuzawa GK, Vieira JG, Maciel RM (2007) Development of a semi-automated method for measuring urinary iodine and its application in epidemiological studies in Brazilian schoolchildren. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 51:1477–1484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. World Health Organization (2007) Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers 2007 (Internet http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595827_eng.pdf) (Accessed 15 dec 2015)

  28. IBGE (2013) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD): Segurança alimentar (Internet http://ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/trabalhoerendimento/pnad2004/suplalimentar2004/default.shtm). Accessed 1 Dec 2019

  29. Dillon JC, Faivre D, Ciornei G, Sall G (1999) The consumption of cassava is not responsible for the etiology of endemic goiter in rural areas in Senegal. Sante 9:93–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Delange F, Bourdoux P, Colinet E, Courtois P (1980) Nutritional factors involved in the goitrogenic action of cassava In Cassava toxicity in thyroid: research and public health issues. ed. F. Delange, R. Ahluwalia. IDRC-207e, Ottawa, 148: 17–34

  31. Pontes AA, Adan LFF (2006) Interferência do iodo e alimentos bociogênicos no aparecimento evolução de tireopatias. Rev Bras Cienc Saude; 10: 81-86.36 Chandra AK, Bhattacharjee A, Malik T, Ghosh S. Goiter Prevalence and Iodine Nutritional Status of School Children in a Sub-Himalayan Tarai Region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian Pediatr 2008; 45: 469–474

  32. Milingi ML, Bokanga M, Kavishe FP, Gebre-Medhin M, Rosling H (1996) Milling reduces the goitrogenic potential of cassava. Int J Food Sci Nutr 47:445–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioregulation, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N. Vale do Canela. Room 301,, Salvador, BA, 40110-102, Brazil

    Renata de Oliveira Campos & Helton Estrela Ramos

  2. Post-Graduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems. Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

    Renata de Oliveira Campos & Helton Estrela Ramos

  3. Health & Science Center, Reconcavo of Bahia Federal University, Santo Antonio de Jesus, Brazil

    Renata de Oliveira Campos

Authors
  1. Renata de Oliveira Campos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Helton Estrela Ramos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helton Estrela Ramos.

Ethics declarations

This study was approved by the Federal University of Bahia—Ethics Committee for Research Projects (no. 11859113.8.0000.5531) and carried out under the Declaration of Helsinki [23] of the World Medical Association.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Oliveira Campos, R., Ramos, H.E. Assessing Cassava Flour Consumption Impact on Iodine Nutritional Status in Schoolchildren from Public Schools in Brazil. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 85–91 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02144-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02144-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation