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Comparison of the Biological Impacts of the Fluoride Compounds by Graphical Risk Visualization Map Technique

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Abstract

Various fluoride compounds are widely used in industry. The present risk assessment study was conducted using a series of inorganic binary fluorides of the type XFn, where Xn = Na+, K+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Nd3+, La3+, Ce3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Y3+, Yb2+, and Zn2+. The aqueous solutions of these salts were orally administrated to 16 experimental groups (one for each of the salts tested). The levels of fluoride, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in cumulative 24-h urine samples and creatinine clearance were measured to assess possible acute renal damages. The levels of fluoride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were also determined in serum samples to assess possible acute hepatic damages. The results reveal that sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF), and zinc fluoride tetrahydrate (ZnF2 .4H2O) can carry the fluoride ion into the bloodstream and that it is excreted via urine more readily than the other compounds tested. These fluorides were assigned the highest risk impact factor. Most of the rare earth fluorides are insoluble in water while those groups 2 and 13 of the periodic table are slightly soluble, so that they do not have a significant negative risk. These findings suggest that the biological impact of fluoride depends on the accompanying counter ion and its solubility. The risk map obtained in the present study shows that the graphical visualization map technique employed is a valuable new tool to assess the toxicological risk of chemical compounds.

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Abbreviations

LiF:

Lithium fluoride

NaF:

Sodium fluoride

KF:

Potassium fluoride

MgF2 :

Magnesium fluoride

CaF2 :

Calcium fluoride

SrF2 :

Strontium fluoride

BaF2 :

Barium fluoride

ZnF2 :

Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate

AlF3 :

Aluminum fluoride

LaF3 :

Lanthanum fluoride

CeF3 :

Cerium fluoride

NdF3 :

Neodymium fluoride

SmF3 :

Samarium fluoride

GdF3 :

Gadolinium fluoride

YF3 :

Yttrium fluoride

YbF2 :

Ytterbium fluoride

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Acknowledgments

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science supported this study through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS KAKENHI) for scientific research (C) Number 25460822.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan

    Kan Usuda, Rei Kono & Junko Tamaki

  2. Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan

    Takaaki Ueno & Yuichi Ito

  3. Faculty of Nursing, Osaka Medical College, 7-6, Hatchonishimachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-0095, Japan

    Tomotaro Dote & Hirotaka Yokoyama

  4. Kansai Technical Center for Occupational Medicine, 13-38, Naniwamachi, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 530-0022, Japan

    Koichi Kono

Authors
  1. Kan Usuda
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  2. Rei Kono
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  3. Takaaki Ueno
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  4. Yuichi Ito
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  5. Tomotaro Dote
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  6. Hirotaka Yokoyama
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  7. Koichi Kono
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  8. Junko Tamaki
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Correspondence to Kan Usuda.

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Usuda, K., Kono, R., Ueno, T. et al. Comparison of the Biological Impacts of the Fluoride Compounds by Graphical Risk Visualization Map Technique. Biol Trace Elem Res 167, 84–90 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0278-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0278-7

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