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Effects of Aluminum and Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Oxidative Stress and Memory in Brain of Mice

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Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of aluminum and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) on oxidative stress and memory of SPF Kunming mice. Sixty male SPF Kunming mice were divided randomly into four groups: control group, ELF-MF group (2 mT, 4 h/day), load aluminum group (200 mg aluminum/kg, 0.1 ml/10 g), and ELF-MF + aluminum group (2 mT, 4 h/day, 200 mg aluminum/kg). After 8 weeks of treatment, the mice of three experiment groups (ELF-MF group, load aluminum group, and ELF-MF + aluminum group) exhibited firstly the learning memory impairment, appearing that the escaping latency to the platform was prolonged and percentage in the platform quadrant was reduced in the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Secondly are the pathologic abnormalities including neuronal cell loss and overexpression of phosphorylated tau protein in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. On the other hand, the markers of oxidative stress were determined in mice brain and serum. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and increase in the levels of malondialdehyde in the ELF-MF group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), load aluminum group (P < 0.01), and ELF-MF + aluminum group (P < 0.01). However, the treatment with ELF-MF + aluminum induced no more damage than ELF-MF and aluminum did, respectively. In conclusion, both aluminum and ELF-MF could impact on learning memory and pro-oxidative function in Kunming mice. However, there was no evidence of any association between ELF-MF exposure with aluminum loading.

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Abbreviations

ELF-MF:

Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields

MWM:

Morris water maze

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

CNS:

Central nervous system

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

NFTs:

Neurofibrillary tangles

PHFs:

Paired helical filaments

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

CAT:

Catalase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

EMR:

Electromagnetic radiation

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

SDS–PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

PP2A:

Protein phosphatase 2A

TOS:

Total oxidant system

OSI:

Oxidative stress index

PC:

Protein carbonyl

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bio-wave Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China

    Yuanxin Deng, Yanwen Zhang, Shujie Jia, Junkang Liu, Yanxia Liu, Weiwei Xu & Lei Liu

  2. Gaotan’yan Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China

    Junkang Liu

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  1. Yuanxin Deng
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  2. Yanwen Zhang
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  3. Shujie Jia
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  4. Junkang Liu
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Correspondence to Junkang Liu.

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Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Jia, S. et al. Effects of Aluminum and Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Oxidative Stress and Memory in Brain of Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 156, 243–252 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9847-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9847-9

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