Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of the Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz. on Proliferation, Migration, and HIF-1α and CXCR-4 Expression in MCF-7 Cells: an In Vitro Study

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over recent years, much attention has been devoted to the field of screening natural products and/or their novel structures because of reversing cancer progression. The current research work was intended to explore the cytotoxic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of dried fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. chebula) in MCF-7 cell line. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric techniques were performed. Anti-proliferative activities of T. chebula fruit extracts on the MCF-7 cell line were evaluated using MTT assay. Effects of both extracts on the migration of MCF-7 cells and the size of MCF-7-derived spheroids were also evaluated. Moreover, antioxidant properties were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. Western blotting was used to measure the HIF-1α and CXCR-4 protein levels. Chebulagic acid, gallic acid, chebulinic acid, and ellagic acid were found as major compounds in both extracts. The total phenolic contents based on gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of T. chebula were found to be 453.68 ± 0.31 and 495.12 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g dry weight of the extract, respectively. Both extracts exerted a significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cells. They also had a marked negative effect on the average size of MCF-7-derived spheroids and their migration rate. None of the extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than vitamin C. Furthermore, both extracts at a concentration of 125 µg/ml could meaningfully decrease the expression levels of HIF-1α and CXCR-4 in MCF-7 cells. These data represent that T. chebula may be a valuable medicinal resource in the regulation of breast cancer proliferation, growth, and metastasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data are available upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Organization WH. (2018). Cancer burden rise to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2018, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Jaikumar, B., & Jasmine, R. (2016). A Review on a few medicinal plants possessing anticancer activity against human breast cancer. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 9, 333–365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cronin, P. A., Wang, J. H., & Redmond, H. P. (2010). Hypoxia increases the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells via upregulation of CXCR4. BMC Cancer, 10(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yamada, D., Kobayashi, S., Yamamoto, H., Tomimaru, Y., Noda, T., Uemura, M., et al. (2012). Role of the hypoxia-related gene, JMJD1A, in hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical impact on recurrence after hepatic resection. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 19(3), 355–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Andersen, S., Donnem, T., Al-Saad, S., Al-Shibli, K., Stenvold, H., Busund, L.-T., et al. (2011). Correlation and coexpression of HIFs and NOTCH markers in NSCLC. Anticancer Research, 31(5), 1603–1606.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang, M., Li, Y., & Hu, X. (2018). Chebulinic acid derived from triphala is a promising antitumour agent in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hänze, J., Eul, B. G., Savai, R., Krick, S., Goyal, P., Grimminger, F., et al. (2003). RNA interference for HIF-1α inhibits its downstream signalling and affects cellular proliferation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 312(3), 571–577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang, H., Chen, J., Liu, F., Gao, C., Wang, X., Zhao, T., et al. (2014). CypA, a gene downstream of HIF-1α, promotes the development of PDAC. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e92824.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Teicher, B. A., & Fricker, S. P. (2010). CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 pathway in cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 16(11), 2927–2931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sargazi, M. L., Juybari, K. B., Tarzi, M. E., Amirkhosravi, A., Nematollahi, M. H., Mirzamohammdi, S., et al. (2021). Naringenin attenuates cell viability and migration of C6 glioblastoma cell line: A possible role of hedgehog signaling pathway. Molecular Biology Reports, 48(9), 6413–6421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Raeiszadeh, M., Ebrahimpour, N., Iranpour, M., Mehrabani, M., Mehrabani, M., Kordestani, Z., et al. (2021). Herbal, animal and mineral remedies in burn wound: A review of Persian traditional medicine literature. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 28(5), 520–538.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Faulkner, D. J. (2001). Marine natural products. Natural Product Reports, 18(1), 1R-49R.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sameri, S., Mohammadi, C., Mehrabani, M., & Najafi, R. (2021). Targeting the hallmarks of cancer: The effects of silibinin on proliferation, cell death, angiogenesis, and migration in colorectal cancer. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Muhammad, S., Khan, B. A., Akhtar, N., Mahmood, T., Rasul, A., Hussain, I., et al. (2012). The morphology, extractions, chemical constituents and uses of Terminalia chebula: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(33), 4772–4775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S. K., & Chattopadhyay, R. R. (2013). The development of Terminalia chebula Retz.(Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(3), 244–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Jokar, A., Masoomi, F., Sadeghpour, O., Nassiri-Toosi, M., & Hamedi, S. (2016). Potential therapeutic applications for Terminalia chebula in Iranian traditional medicine. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 36(2), 250–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheng, H.-Y., Lin, T.-C., Yu, K.-H., Yang, C.-M., & Lin, C.-C. (2003). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Terminalia chebula. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(9), 1331–1335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shendge, A. K., Sarkar, R., & Mandal, N. (2020). Potent anti-inflammatory Terminalia chebula fruit showed in vitro anticancer activity on lung and breast carcinoma cells through the regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-cascade pathways. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(12)

  19. Shaikh, R. U., Pund, M. M., & Gacche, R. N. (2016). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medication system in vitro as well as in vivo. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(4), 355–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Na, M., Bae, K., Sik Kang, S., Sun Min, B., Kuk Yoo, J., Kamiryo, Y., et al. (2004). Cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress and inhibitory effect on cellular aging of Terminalia chebula fruit. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 18(9), 737–741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Choudhary, G. (2011). Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2, 48–52.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Vidya, S., Verma, E., Kumar, J., Anilkumar, V., & Ramesh, A. (2011). Hepato-protective activity of Terminalia chebula leaves in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Research, 2(4), 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rao, N. K., & Nammi, S. (2006). Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(1), 17.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Suchalatha, S., & Devi, C. (2004). Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against experimental myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42(2), 174–178.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., Selvaraj, J., Valli, G., Purushothaman, V., Alsawalha, M., et al. (2019). Effect of chebulagic acid on apoptotic regulators in prostate cancer cell line-PC-3. Drug Invention Today, 12(2), 281–285.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Afshari, A. R., Karimi Roshan, M., Soukhtanloo, M., Askari, V. R., Mollazadeh, H., Jalili Nik, M., et al. (2018). Investigation of cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of terminalia chebula hydro-alcoholic extract on glioblastoma cell line. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 6(4), 14–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Minakshi, G., Vasanth, K., Tanupriya, K. I., Agrawal, A., & Dubey, G. (2015). Inhibitory Potential of Terminalia chebula by Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Stress in THP-1 Cell Line. International Journal of Botany, 11(1), 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang, M., Yang, L., Ji, M., Zhao, P., Sun, P., Bai, R., et al. (2015). Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells Via a Mechanism Involving Mitochondria-mediated Pathways. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58(2), 208–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee, H.-H., Paudel, K. R., & Kim, D.-W. (2015). Terminalia chebula fructus inhibits migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and production of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Athira, A., Helen, A., Saja, K., Reddanna, P., & Sudhakaran, P. (2013). Inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro by chebulagic acid: A COX-LOX dual inhibitor. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, 2013, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Athira, A., Abhinand, C., Saja, K., Helen, A., Reddanna, P., & Sudhakaran, P. (2017). Anti-angiogenic effect of chebulagic acid involves inhibition of the VEGFR2-and GSK-3β-dependent signaling pathways. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 95(5), 563–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kakoei, S., Karbasi, N., Raeiszadeh, M., Tajadini, H., & Nekouei, A. H. (2022). The efficacy of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) mouthwash versus chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% mouthwash as adjuvant therapy of oral lichen planus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 290, 115037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ghagargunde, K. G., Sidana, J., & Singh, I. P. (2011). HPTLC fingerprinting and quantification of phenolics in Brahma Rasayana–An Ayurvedic rejuvenator. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 1(1), 123–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ugoeze, K. C. (2022). Phytopharmaceuticals for treating sexually transmitted diseases. In I. Singh, R. K. Sindhu, A. A. Shirkhedkar, & P. Panichayupakaranant (Eds.), Herbal drugs for the management of infectious diseases (pp. 179–261). Scrivener Publishing LLC.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Sarhadynejad, Z., Pardakhty, A., Mandegary, A., Afsharypuor, S., & Sharififar, F. (2017). Physicochemical characterization, standardization and in vitro determination of radical scavenging activity of Zereshk-e-Saghir, a traditional preparation, and its ingredients. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 9(2), 224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Benzie IF, Strain J. (1999) [2] Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: Direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in enzymology. 299: Elsevier; p. 15–27

  37. Ahmadi, Z., Moradabadi, A., Abdollahdokht, D., Mehrabani, M., & Nematollahi, M. H. (2019). Association of environmental exposure with hematological and oxidative stress alteration in gasoline station attendants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20411–20417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Raeiszadeh, M., Esmaeili-Tarzi, M., Bahrampour-Juybari, K., Nematollahi-Mahani, S., Pardakhty, A., Nematollahi, M., et al. (2018). Evaluation the effect of Myrtus communis L. extract on several underlying mechanisms involved in wound healing: An in vitro study. South African Journal of Botany, 118, 144–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ho, W. Y., Yeap, S. K., Ho, C. L., Rahim, R. A., & Alitheen, N. B. (2012). Development of multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) culture from breast cancer cell and a high throughput screening method using the MTT. PLoS One, 7(9), e44640.

  40. Mehrabani, M., Esmaeili-Tarzi, M., Forootanfar, H., Nematollahi, M. H., Banat, I. M., Ohadi, M., et al. (2021). Lipopeptide biosurfactant from Acinetobacter junii B6: A promising natural surfactant for promoting angiogenesis. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 27(2), 1197–1203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mehrabani, M., Nematollahi, M. H., Tarzi, M. E., Juybari, K. B., Abolhassani, M., Sharifi, A. M., et al. (2020). Protective effect of hydralazine on a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease: A possible role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 98(3), 405–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rayan, A., Raiyn, J., & Falah, M. (2017). Nature is the best source of anticancer drugs: Indexing natural products for their anticancer bioactivity. PloS One, 12(11), e0187925.

  43. Rameshk, M., Sharififar, F., Mehrabani, M., Pardakhty, A., Farsinejad, A., & Mehrabani, M. (2018). Proliferation and in vitro wound healing effects of the microniosomes containing Narcissus tazetta L. bulb extract on primary human fibroblasts (HDFs). DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26(1), 31–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Mehrabani, M., Mehrabani, M., Mehrabani, M., Nematolahi, H., Mansorinejad, E., & Raftari, S. (2011). Effects of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Diet on rat reproduction and sex ratio of offsprings. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 18(3), 260–70.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mehrabani, M., Goudarzi, M., Mehrzadi, S., Siahpoosh, A., Mohammadi, M., Khalili, H., et al. (2020). Crocin: A protective natural antioxidant against pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Pharmacological Reports, 72(4), 992–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hertz, E., Cadoná, F. C., Machado, A. K., Azzolin, V., Holmrich, S., Assmann, C., et al. (2015). Effect of Paullinia cupana on MCF-7 breast cancer cell response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 3(1), 37–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Elkady, A. I., Abu-Zinadah, O. A., El Hamid, H., & Abd, R. (2017). Crude flavonoid extract of the Medicinal herb Nigella sativa inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, 7(12), 1235–1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Henry, D. P., Ranjan, J., Murugan, R. K., Sivanantham, A., & Alagumuthu, M. (2020). Exploration of anti-breast cancer effects of Terminalia chebula extract on DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague Dawley rats. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Heidarian, E., Keloushadi, M., Ghatreh-Samani, K., & Valipour, P. (2016). The reduction of IL-6 gene expression, pAKT, pERK1/2, pSTAT3 signaling pathways and invasion activity by gallic acid in prostate cancer PC3 cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, 264–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang, Y., Ren, F., Li, B., Song, Z., Chen, P., & Ouyang, L. (2019). Ellagic acid exerts antitumor effects via the PI3K signaling pathway in endometrial cancer. Journal of Cancer, 10(15), 3303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Chhabra, S., Mishra, T., Kumar, Y., Thacker, G., Kanojiya, S., Chattopadhyay, N., et al. (2017). Chebulinic acid isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula specifically induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Phytotherapy Research, 31(12), 1849–1857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shankara, B. R., Ramachandra, Y., Rajan, S. S., Ganapathy, P. S., Yarla, N. S., Richard, S., et al. (2016). Evaluating the anticancer potential of ethanolic gall extract of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz.(combretaceae). Pharmacognosy Research, 8(3), 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Saleem, A., Husheem, M., Härkönen, P., & Pihlaja, K. (2002). Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(3), 327–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sun, G.-L., & Wang, D. (2020). Gallic acid from Terminalia chebula inhibited the growth of esophageal carcinoma cells by suppressing the Hippo signal pathway. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 23(11), 1401.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Cai, Q., Rahn, R. O., & Zhang, R. (1997). Dietary flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin and genistein, reduce oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and quench free radicals. Cancer Letters, 119(1), 99–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sergedien, E., Jönsson, K., Szymusiak, H., Tyrakowska, B., Rietjens, I. M., & Čenas, N. (1999). Prooxidant toxicity of polyphenolic antioxidants to HL-60 cells: Description of quantitative structure-activity relationships. FEBS Letters, 462(3), 392–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Arya, A., Nyamathulla, S., Noordin, M. I., & Mohd, M. A. (2012). Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of leaf extracts of three popular Terminalia species. Journal of Chemistry, 9(2), 883–892.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Saha, S., & Verma, R. J. (2016). Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius fruits. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10(6), 805–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Parveen, R., Shamsi, T. N., Singh, G., Athar, T., & Fatima, S. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro biochemical characterization of aqueous and methanolic extract of Triphala, a conventional herbal remedy. Biotechnology Reports, 17, 126–136.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Ionescu, L. I., Alphonse, R. S., Arizmendi, N., Morgan, B., Abel, M., Eaton, F., et al. (2012). Airway delivery of soluble factors from plastic-adherent bone marrow cells prevents murine asthma. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 46(2), 207–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Baba, Y., Nosho, K., Shima, K., Irahara, N., Chan, A. T., Meyerhardt, J. A., et al. (2010). HIF1A overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in a cohort of 731 colorectal cancers. The American Journal of Pathology, 176(5), 2292–2301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. He, Z., Chen, A. Y., Rojanasakul, Y., Rankin, G. O., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). Gallic acid, a phenolic compound, exerts anti-angiogenic effects via the PTEN/AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 35(1), 291–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research work received a grant from Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (grant number: 400000936). This investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (IR.KMU.REC.1400.645).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran

    Mitra Mehrabani

  2. Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Mitra Mehrabani, Mahboobeh Raeiszadeh, Mojdeh Esmaeili Tarzi & Vajihe Khoshfekr

  3. Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Saeideh Jafarinejad-Farsangi & Mehrnaz Mehrabani

  4. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Persian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Mahboobeh Raeiszadeh

  5. Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

    Mozhgan sheikholeslami

  6. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi

  7. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Kobra Bahrampour Juybari

  8. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Kobra Bahrampour Juybari

Authors
  1. Mitra Mehrabani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saeideh Jafarinejad-Farsangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahboobeh Raeiszadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mojdeh Esmaeili Tarzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mozhgan sheikholeslami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Vajihe Khoshfekr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kobra Bahrampour Juybari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mehrnaz Mehrabani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SJ-F, MR, MET, VKh, and MSh accomplished the experiment. Mitra M and MHN wrote the manuscript and designed the analysis. KBJ and Mehrnaz M were responsible for planning and conducted the research.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Kobra Bahrampour Juybari or Mehrnaz Mehrabani.

Ethics declarations

Consent to Participate

All authors have materially participated in the research and manuscript preparation.

Consent for Publication

Consent for publication submission is approved by all authors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mehrabani, M., Jafarinejad-Farsangi, S., Raeiszadeh, M. et al. Effects of the Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz. on Proliferation, Migration, and HIF-1α and CXCR-4 Expression in MCF-7 Cells: an In Vitro Study. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 3327–3344 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04301-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04301-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation