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Practical and Rapid Membrane-Based Biosensor for Phenol Using Copper/Calcium-Enzyme Hybrid Nanoflowers

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Abstract

Phenol, a pollutant frequently found in chemical industries effluents, is highly toxic even in low concentrations. This study reports a green, simple, and rapid method for qualitative phenol biosensing using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) hybrid nanoflowers made with copper (Cu2+-hNF) or calcium (Ca2+-hNF) ions. The enzyme was immobilized through protein-inorganic self-assembly into hybrid structures and subsequently supported onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD techniques sustained the effective enzyme encapsulation into hybrid structures. The protein concentration in the structures was 0.25 mg.mL−1 for both ions. The best temperature and pH were 60 °C and 7.4, respectively, for both hybrids and the free enzyme, suggesting that the immobilization did not affect the optimal conditions of the free HRP. Thermal stability from 25 to 70 °C and pH stability from 4.0 to 9.0 of the hybrids were also determined. Finally, using copper and calcium hybrids, both biosensors produced onto a PVDF membrane could detect phenol in concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 24.00 µmol.mL−1 in 1 min. In contrast, control biosensors produced with free enzyme have not presented a visible color change in the same conditions. The findings suggest a promising application of the developed biosensors in functional phenol detection.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank LCME – UFSC for the technical support during electron microscopy analysis and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

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  1. Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, CEP, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    Felipe Pereira da Costa, Rosana Oliveira Henriques & Agenor Furigo Junior

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  1. Felipe Pereira da Costa
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. F.P. da Costa: material preparation, data collection, analysis, and original draft. R. O. Henriques: writing, review, and editing. A. Furigo Jr: Project administration.

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da Costa, F.P., Henriques, R.O. & Furigo Junior, A. Practical and Rapid Membrane-Based Biosensor for Phenol Using Copper/Calcium-Enzyme Hybrid Nanoflowers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 86–106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04101-5

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