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Resource Recycling, Recovery, and Xenobiotic Remediation from E-wastes Through Biofilm Technology: A Review

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Abstract

Around 50 million tonnes of electronic waste has been generated globally per year, causing an environmental hazard and negative effects on human health, such as infertility and thyroid disorders in adults, endocrine and neurological damage in both animals and humans, and impaired mental and physical development in children. Out of that, only 15% is recycled each year and the remaining is disposed of in a landfill, illegally traded or burned, and treated in a sub-standard way. The processes of recycling are challenged by the presence of brominated flame retardants. The different recycling technologies such as the chemical and mechanical methods have been well studied, while the most promising approach is the biological method. The process of utilizing microbes to decontaminate and degrade a wide range of pollutants into harmless products is known as bioremediation and it is an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable method. The bioremediation process is significantly aided by biofilm communities attached to electronic waste because they promote substrate bioavailability, metabolite transfer, and cell viability, all of which accelerate bioleaching and biodegradation. Microbes existing in biofilm mode relatable to free-floating planktonic cells are advantageous of bioremediation due to their tolerant ability to environmental stress and pollutants through diverse catabolic pathways. This article discusses the harmful effects of electronic waste and its management using biological strategies especially biofilm-forming communities for resource recovery.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, for the financial and infrastructure support to carry out the research work.

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Dist., 603203, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sundaram Deepika Bharathi, Aswin Dilshani, Srinivasan Rishivanthi, Pratham Khaitan, Adhinarayan Vamsidhar & Samuel Jacob

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  1. Sundaram Deepika Bharathi
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SDB, AD, SR, PK, and AV have equally contributed in literature collection, drafting the manuscript, and illustration preparation. SJ has provided the inputs towards the manuscript framing, critical suggestion, and completion of manuscript.

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Correspondence to Samuel Jacob.

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Bharathi, S.D., Dilshani, A., Rishivanthi, S. et al. Resource Recycling, Recovery, and Xenobiotic Remediation from E-wastes Through Biofilm Technology: A Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 5669–5692 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04055-8

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