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Untargeted Metabolomics in Piper betle Leaf Extracts to Discriminate the Cultivars of Coastal Odisha, India

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Abstract

Betel leaf is consumed as a mouth freshener due to its characteristic flavor, aromaticity, and medicinal values. Abundance of phytochemicals in betel leaf contributes towards unique qualitative features. Screening of metabolites is quintessential for identifying flavoring betel leaves and their origin. Metabolomics presently lays emphasis on the cumulative application of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic approaches. Here we adopted different protocols based on the above-mentioned analytical metabolomics platform for untargeted plant metabolite profiling followed by multivariate analysis methods and a phytochemical characterization of Piper betel leaf cultivars endemic to coastal Odisha, India. Based on variation in the solvent composition, concentration of solvent, extraction temperature, and incubation periods, five extraction methods were followed in GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy of betel leaf extracts. Phytochemical similarities and differences among the species were characterized through multivariate analysis approaches. Principal component analysis, based on the relative abundance of phytochemicals, indicated that the betel cultivars could be grouped into three groups. Our results of FTIR-, GC–MS-, and NMR-based profiling combined with multivariate analyses suggest that untargeted metabolomics can play a crucial role in documenting metabolic signatures of endemic betel leaf varieties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Central Instrumentation Facility, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University for providing research facilities and Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for analytical characterization. We thank local farmers for their support during data and sample collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

    Biswajit Patra & Surya Narayan Pradhan

  2. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Biswajit Patra, Ramovatar Meena & R Paulraj

  3. Department of Botany, Baruneswar Mohavidyalaya, Jajpur, Odisha, India

    Rosina Rosalin

  4. Department of Environmental Science, Lakshmi Bai College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Mani Singh

  5. State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Ramesh Kumar Ekka

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Contributions

B.P. conducted all the experiments. B.P. and S.N.P. designed the data and wrote the manuscript. B.P., R.M., and S.N.P. analyzed the results. All authors discussed, revised, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ramovatar Meena or Surya Narayan Pradhan.

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Patra, B., Meena, R., Rosalin, R. et al. Untargeted Metabolomics in Piper betle Leaf Extracts to Discriminate the Cultivars of Coastal Odisha, India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 4362–4376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03873-0

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