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The Environmental Issues of DDT Pollution and Bioremediation: a Multidisciplinary Review

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Abstract

DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane) is probably the best known and most useful organochlorine insecticide in the world which was used since 1945 for agricultural purposes and also for vector-borne disease control such as malaria since 1955, until its banishment in most countries by the Stockholm convention for ecologic considerations. However, the World Health Organization allowed its reintroduction only for control of vector-borne diseases in some tropical countries in 2006. Due to its physicochemical properties and specially its persistence related with a half-life up to 30 years, DDT linked to several health and social problems which are due to its accumulation in the environment and its biomagnification properties in living organisms. This manuscript compiles a multidisciplinary review to evaluate primarily (i) the worldwide contamination of DDT and (ii) its (eco) toxicological impact onto living organisms. Secondly, several ways for DDT bioremediation from contaminated environment are discussed. For this, reports on DDT biodegradation capabilities by microorganisms and ways to enhance bioremediation strategies to remove DDT are presented. The different existing strategies for DDT bioremediation are evaluated with their efficiencies and limitations to struggle efficiently this contaminant. Finally, rising new approaches and technological bottlenecks to promote DDT bioremediation are discussed.

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Abbreviations

BRF:

Brown-rot fungi

CBA:

Chlorobenzoic acid

DBP:

4,4ʹ-dichlorobenzophenone

DDA:

2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) acetate

DDD:

1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane

DDE:

1,1-dichloro- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene

DDM:

Bis(4ʹ-chlorophenyl)methane

DDMU:

1-chloro-2-2-bis-(4ʹ-chlorophenyl) ethylene

DDMS:

1-chloro-2,2-bis(4′-chlorophenyl) ethane

DDNU:

1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene

DDNS:

2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane

DDOH:

2,2-bis(4′-chlorophenyl) ethanol

DDT:

1,1,1-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane

o,pʹ-DDT:

1,1,1-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane

p,pʹ-DDT:

1,1,1-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane

DDTs:

DDT and by-products

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

LC50 :

Lethal concentration 50 %

LD50 :

Lethal dose 50 %

nRBT:

Not readily biodegradable

OCP:

Organochlorine pesticides

RBT:

Readily biodegradable

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

WHO:

World Health Organization

WRF:

White-Rot Fungi

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  1. University of Nantes, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, CBAC group, 18 Bvd Gaston Defferre, 85000, La Roche sur Yon, France

    Ahlem Mansouri, Mickael Cregut, Marie-Jose Durand & Gerald Thouand

  2. Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021, Tunisia

    Ahlem Mansouri, Chiraz Abbes & Ahmed Landoulsi

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  3. Chiraz Abbes
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  4. Marie-Jose Durand
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  5. Ahmed Landoulsi
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  6. Gerald Thouand
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Correspondence to Gerald Thouand.

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Mansouri, A., Cregut, M., Abbes, C. et al. The Environmental Issues of DDT Pollution and Bioremediation: a Multidisciplinary Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 181, 309–339 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2214-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2214-5

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