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Ascorbic Acid and Salicylic Acid Mitigate NaCl Stress in Caralluma tuberculata Calli

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Abstract

Plants exposed to salt stress undergo biochemical and morphological changes even at cellular level. Such changes also include activation of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge reactive oxygen species, while morphological changes are determined as deformation of membranes and organelles. Present investigation substantiates this phenomenon for Caralluma tuberculata calli when exposed to NaCl stress at different concentrations. Elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in NaCl-stressed calli dwindled upon application of non-enzymatic antioxidants; ascorbic acid (AA) and salicylic acid (SA). Many fold increased enzymes concentrations trimmed down even below as present in the control calli. Electron microscopic images accentuated several cellular changes upon NaCl stress such as plasmolysed plasma membrane, disruption of nuclear membrane, increased numbers of nucleoli, alteration in shape and lamellar membrane system in plastid, and increased number of plastoglobuli. The cells retrieved their normal structure upon exposure to non-enzymatic antioxidants. The results of the present experiments conclude that NaCl aggravate oxidative molecules that eventually alleviate antioxidant enzymatic system. Furthermore, the salt stress knocked down by applying ascorbic acid and salicylic acid manifested by normal enzyme level and restoration of cellular structure.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Ascorbic acid

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

FWGR:

Fresh weight growth rate

GR:

Glutathione reductase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

POD:

Peroxidase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Horticulture and Floriculture Institute, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Riaz Ur Rehman

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, 45320

    Muhammad Zia & Bilal Haider Abbasi

  3. College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Gang Lu

  4. Preston Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Fayyaz Chaudhary

Authors
  1. Riaz Ur Rehman
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  2. Muhammad Zia
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  3. Bilal Haider Abbasi
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  4. Gang Lu
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  5. Muhammad Fayyaz Chaudhary
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Correspondence to Muhammad Zia.

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Rehman, R.U., Zia, M., Abbasi, B.H. et al. Ascorbic Acid and Salicylic Acid Mitigate NaCl Stress in Caralluma tuberculata Calli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 173, 968–979 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0890-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0890-6

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