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Production of Ethanol and Feed by High Dry Matter Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Palm Kernel Press Cake

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Abstract

Palm kernel press cake (PKC) is a residue from palm oil extraction presently only used as a low protein feed supplement. PKC contains 50% fermentable hexose sugars present in the form of glucan and mainly galactomannan. This makes PKC an interesting feedstock for processing into bioethanol or in other biorefinery processes. Using a combination of mannanase, β-mannosidase, and cellulases, it was possible without any pretreatment to hydrolyze PKC at solid concentrations of 35% dry matter with mannose yields up to 88% of theoretical. Fermentation was tested using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in both a separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) setup. The hydrolysates could readily be fermented without addition of nutrients and with average fermentation yields of 0.43 ± 0.02 g/g based on consumed mannose and glucose. Employing SSF, final ethanol concentrations of 70 g/kg was achieved in 216 h, corresponding to an ethanol yield of 70% of theoretical or 200 g ethanol/kg PKC. Testing various enzyme mixtures revealed that including cellulases in combination with mannanases significantly improved ethanol yields. Processing PKC to ethanol resulted in a solid residue enriched in protein from 17% to 28%, a 70% increase, thereby potentially making a high-protein containing feed supplement.

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Acknowledgment

Novozymes A/S, Denmark, is kindly thanked for supplying the enzymes. We also thank technicians Joanna Møller Nielsen and Britta Skov for their help doing Kjeldahl and HPLC analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest and Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Henning Jørgensen, Anand R. Sanadi & Claus Felby

  2. Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880, Bagsværd, Denmark

    Niels Erik Krebs Lange, Morten Fischer & Steffen Ernst

Authors
  1. Henning Jørgensen
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  2. Anand R. Sanadi
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  3. Claus Felby
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  4. Niels Erik Krebs Lange
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Correspondence to Henning Jørgensen.

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Jørgensen, H., Sanadi, A.R., Felby, C. et al. Production of Ethanol and Feed by High Dry Matter Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Palm Kernel Press Cake. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 161, 318–332 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8814-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8814-6

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