Abstract
This study aimed to develop the application of 405 nm LEDs to reduce the spoilage risk of bananas in the distribution chain. Fusarium oxysporum was spread-plated onto dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar and illuminated with an array of 405 nm light emitting diodes at mean irradiances ranging from 0.5–2.2 mW/cm2. A minimum irradiance of 2.2 ± 0.9 mW/cm2 was required to bring about an antifungal effect, with the mold population reduced below the detection limit within 6 h of illumination. This was attributed to the presence of porphyrins (5.46 ± 2.49 fg/CFU) in the F. oxysporum spores, as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. A statistically significant (P > 0.05) 70% reduction was observed relative to the control group when the bananas were spot-inoculated on their stem scar with Fusarium, stored under simulated warehouse conditions (15.0 °C and 80.0% RH for 24 h) and illuminated with 2.2 ± 0.9 mW/cm2 for 48 h under simulated retail conditions (25.5 °C and 63.5% RH for another 54 h). The control group was kept in the dark under the same conditions otherwise. The illumination did not produce any significant difference (P > 0.05) in the appearance, peel color, mass and hardness of the bananas. A slight decrease in the activity of polyphenol oxidase, the enzyme responsible for browning, was also observed. These results suggest that 405 nm LED illumination has the potential to reduce the risk of Fusarium spoilage of bananas in supermarkets while preserving the physicochemical properties that influence the consumers’ purchase.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data will be made available upon reasonable request.
References
Chen, C. R., & Ramaswamy, H. S. (2002). Color and texture change kinetics in ripening bananas. LWT - Food Sci. Technol., 35, 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.2001.0875
Chong, L., Ghate, V., Zhou, W., & Yuk, H. G. (2022). Developing an LED preservation technology to minimize strawberry quality deterioration during distribution. Food Chemistry, 366, 130566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130566
Chua, A., Chong, L., Ghate, V., Yuk, H. G., & Zhou, W. (2021). Antifungal action of 405 nm light emitting diodes on tomatoes in a meso-scale system and their effect on the physicochemical properties. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 172, 111366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111366
Ding, P., & Ling, Y. S. (2014). Browning assessment methods and polyphenol oxidase in UV-C irradiated Berangan banana fruit. International Food Research Journal, 21, 1667–1674.
FAO, 2024. Bananas. Available online at https://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/oilcrops/bananas/bananas/en/. Accessed 28 Jan 2024.
Fujita, S., Yang, C.-P., Matsufuji, K., Fuzzaman, A., Hayashi, N., & Shimokawa, K. (2001). Changes of polyphenol oxidase activity of banana (Musa sapientum L.) fruits during ripening treatment by ethylene. Food Preserv. Sci., 27, 79–82. https://doi.org/10.5891/jafps.27.79
Huang, J. Y., Xu, F., & Zhou, W. (2018). Effect of LED irradiation on the ripening and nutritional quality of postharvest banana fruit. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98, 5486–5493. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9093
Imada, K., Tanaka, S., Ibaraki, Y., Yoshimura, K., & Ito, S. (2014). Antifungal effect of 405-nm light on Botrytis cinerea. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 59, 670–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12330
Kim, M. J., & Yuk, H. G. (2017). Antibacterial mechanism of 405-nanometer light-emitting diode against Salmonella at refrigeration temperature. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 83, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02582-16
Kumar, A., Ghate, V., Kim, M. J., Zhou, W., Khoo, G. H., & Yuk, H. G. (2015). Kinetics of bacterial inactivation by 405 nm and 520 nm light emitting diodes and the role of endogenous coproporphyrin on bacterial susceptibility. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology, 149, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.005
Lassois, L., Jijakli, M. H., Chillet, M., & de Lapeyre de Bellaire, L.,. (2010). Crown rot of bananas: Preharvest factors involved in postharvest disease development and integrated control methods. Plant Disease, 94, 648–658. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0648
Liao, H.-L., Alferez, F., & Burns, J. K. (2013). Assessment of blue light treatments on citrus postharvest diseases. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 81, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.02.019
Lukšienė, Ž. (2009). Photosensitization for food safety. Synthesis (stuttg)., 4, 62–65.
Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S., & Sutar, N. (2010). Banana Post Harvest Practices: Current Status and Future Prospects-A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 31, 56–62.
Murdoch, L. E., McKenzie, K., Maclean, M., MacGregor, S. J., & Anderson, J. G. (2013). Lethal effects of high-intensity violet 405-nm light on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and on dormant and germinating spores of Aspergillus niger. Fungal Biology, 117, 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2013.05.004
Nannyonga, S., Bakalis, S., Andrews, J., Mugampoza, E., & Gkatzionis, K. (2016). Mathematical modelling of color, texture kinetics and sensory attributes characterisation of ripening bananas for waste critical point determination. Journal of Food Engineering, 190, 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.06.006
Nguyen, T. B. T., Ketsa, S., & Van Doorn, W. G. (2003). Relationship between browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in banana peel during low temperature storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 30, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(03)00103-0
Sułek, A., Pucelik, B., Kobielusz, M., Barzowska, A., & Dąbrowski, J. M. (2020). Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria with porphyrin derivatives: Effect of charge, lipophilicity, ROS generation, and cellular uptake on their biological activity in vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 8716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228716
Funding
The authors would like to express their gratitude towards Temasek Foundation for their support and funding of this study through their SMF Grant Program (Grant No. R143-000-659-592).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A.X.: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft. L.C.: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing. F.W.: Investigation, Formal analysis. Y.Z.: Investigation, Formal analysis. V.G.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing. W.Z.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. H.-G.Y.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, A., Ghate, V., Chong, L. et al. 405 nm LED Illumination for the Reduction of Fusarium Spoilage Risk in Cavendish Bananas in a Simulated Retail Environment. Food Bioprocess Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03353-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03353-9