Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Conservative Non-surgical Options for Erectile Dysfunction

  • Men’s Health (R Carrion, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Urology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This study aimed to review recent evidence on conservative non-surgical options for erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. A narrative review of the literature was performed. A comprehensive search in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases was done. Papers in English language, published from May 2017 until May 2022, were included. Papers reporting basic research or animal research were excluded, as long as reviews or meta-analyses. Congress reports, clinical cases, or clinical trials protocols with no results were also excluded.

Recent Findings

We found a multitude of different treatment modalities for ED. We must take into account the type of patient, their comorbidities, the origin of their ED, and its severity in order to reproduce effective results using these therapies. Some of the treatments show good results with a good level of evidence (new IPDE5 formulations, intracavernous injections, shock wave therapy, hormonal theraphy, psycho-sexual theraphy). However, others (some new molecules, stem cell theraphy, platelet-rich plasma injections, oxygenation-based therapy, nutraceuticals), although some of them present promising results, require randomized studies with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up time to be able to establish firm recommendations.

Summary

Regarding the conservative treatment of erectile dysfunction, in recent years, some therapies have been consolidated as effective and safe for certain types of patients. On the other hand, other treatment modalities, although promising, still lack the evidence and the necessary follow-up to be recommended in daily practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence. JAMA. 1993;270(1):83–90.

  2. Alwaal A, Awad M, Boggs N, Kuzbel J, Snoad B. Sexual Health Inventory for Men Questionnaire as a Screening Method for Erectile Dysfunction in a General Urology Clinic. Sex Med. 2020;8(4):660–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Nguyen HMT, Gabrielson AT, Hellstrom WJG. Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men-A Review of the Prevalence and Risk Factors. Sex Med Rev. 2017;5(4):508–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay JB. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151(1):54–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(3):161–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Capogrosso P, Colicchia M, Ventimiglia E, Castagna G, Clementi MC, Suardi N, et al. One patient out of four with newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction is a young man–worrisome picture from the everyday clinical practice. J Sex Med. 2013;10(7):1833–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Islam MM, Naveen NR, Anitha P, Goudanavar PS, Rao GSNK, Fattepur S, et al. The Race to Replace PDE5i: Recent Advances and Interventions to Treat or Manage Erectile Dysfunction: Evidence from Patent Landscape (2016–2021). J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen RC, Steers WD, Wicker PA. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(20):1397–404.

  9. Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, Culkin DJ, Faraday MM, Hakim LS, et al. Erectile Dysfunction: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(3):633–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Professionals SO. EAU Guidelines: Male Sexual Dysfunction [Internet]. Uroweb. [cited 2019 Apr 27]. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/male-sexual-dysfunction/

  11. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg Lond Engl. 2010;8(5):336–41.

  12. • Bilal A, Abbasi NUH. Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Sildenafil Citrate, Cognitive Behavior Sex Therapy and Integrated Treatment in Men Diagnosed With Non Organic Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med. 2022;10(1):100464. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most studied treatment modality, comprising 5 of the 7 articles on psychosexual therapies. Of these, only this one article is a randomized clinical trial with placebo (Ahmad Bilal et al.) and it is also the one that includes the largest number of patients and the most recent.

  13. Zhang Z, Gao X, Zhou Y, Yu C, Pimolsettapun J, Yang L, et al. Study on the combination of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy with Viagra in the treatment of non-organic ED. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(5):e100184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bilal A, Abbasi NUH. Cognitive Behavioral Sex Therapy: An Emerging Treatment Option for Nonorganic Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men: A Feasibility Pilot Study. Sex Med. 2020;8(3):396–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang Z, Tan H, Liu S, Zhang G. Effect of cognitive behavior intervention on improving psychological emotion and erectile dysfunction of chronic prostatitis patients. Acta Medica Mediterr. 2020;36(4):2507–13.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Khan S, Amjad A, Rowland D. Potential for Long-Term Benefit of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment for Men with Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):300–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bossio JA, Basson R, Driscoll M, Correia S, Brotto LA. Mindfulness-Based Group Therapy for Men With Situational Erectile Dysfunction: A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Analysis and Pilot Study. J Sex Med. 2018;15(10):1478–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Khan S, Amjad A, Rowland D. Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment for Pakistani men with ED. Int J Impot Res. 2017 Sep;29(5):202–6.

  19. Alwani M, Yassin A, Talib R, Al-Qudimat A, Aboumarzouk O, Al-Zoubi RM, et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction: Early Detection, Prevention and the Positive Effects of Long-Term Testosterone Treatment: Prospective Observational. Real-Life Data Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021;17:497–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Saad F, Caliber M, Doros G, Haider KS, Haider A. Long-term treatment with testosterone undecanoate injections in men with hypogonadism alleviates erectile dysfunction and reduces risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, prostate cancer, and mortality. Aging Male Off J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2020;23(1):81–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Efesoy O, Çayan S, Akbay E. The Effect of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Penile Hemodynamics in Hypogonadal Men With Erectile Dysfunction, Having Veno-Occlusive Dysfunction. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(3):634–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Haider KS, Haider A, Doros G, Traish A. Long-Term Testosterone Therapy Improves Urinary and Sexual Function, and Quality of Life in Men with Hypogonadism: Results from a Propensity Matched Subgroup of a Controlled Registry Study. J Urol. 2018;199(1):257–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yucel C, Keskin MZ, Peskircioglu CL. The Effect of Transdermal Testosterone Administration on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective, Randomized. Placebo-Controlled Trial Curr Urol. 2017;11(1):4–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hackett G, Cole N, Saghir A, Jones P, Strange RC, Ramachandran S. Testosterone replacement therapy: improved sexual desire and erectile function in men with type 2 diabetes following a 30-week randomized placebo-controlled study. Andrology. 2017;5(5):905–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Narukawa T, Soh J, Kanemitsu N, Harikai S, Fujihara A, Ukimura O. Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy plus alternate-day tadalafil for patients with late-onset hypogonadism: An open-label, randomized, crossover study. Int J Urol Off J Jpn Urol Assoc. 2021;28(4):376–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee SW, Son H, Lee SW, Cho KS, Moon DG, Yang DY, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Mirodenafil Oro-Dispersible Film in Korean Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, Phase IV Study. World J Mens Health. 2022;40(2):280–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kumar M, Pathade AD, Gupta SV, Goyal S, Rath D, Thakre M, et al. Efficacy and safety of avanafil as compared with sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A randomized, double blind, multicenter clinical trial. Int J Urol Off J Jpn Urol Assoc. 2022;29(4):351–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cui WS, Guan RL, Lei HE, Liu JH, Wang T, Zhu SN, et al. Efficacy and safety of aildenafil citrate in Chinese men with erectile dysfunction: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Transl Androl Urol. 2021;10(8):3358–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sangkum P, Sirisopana K, Matang W, Phengsalae Y, Lertsithichai P, Ketsuwan C, et al. Efficacy of the Orally Disintegrating Strip Sildenafil for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. Sex Med. 2021;9(6):100453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Jiang H, Lin H, Li F, Dai Y, Zhang X, Jiang T, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Avanafil in Chinese Subjects With Erectile Dysfunction: A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial. Sex Med. 2021;9(3):100337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Elkamshoushi AM, Badae NM, Kabary MG, Omar SI. Evaluation of daily avanafil efficacy in improving the endothelial function in Egyptian males with erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2021;53(1):e13833.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Law YXT, Tai BC, Tan YQ, Lata RNM, Lee KCJ. A Small Group Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Daily Pentoxifylline in the Management of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction with Suboptimal Treatment Response to Sildenafil. Sex Med. 2020;8(1):14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pavone C, Abrate A, Agiato S, Billeci S, Tulone G, Vella M, et al. Sildenafil orodispersible film in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: A single-centre open-label uncontrolled trial. Andrologia. 2020;52(9):e13705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Demirci A, Ozgur BC. The effect of using tadalafil 5 mg/day on neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios in mild-medium and severe erectile dysfunction patients; and comparison of clinical response. Andrologia. 2019;51(9):e13347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pattanaik S, Kaundal P, Mavuduru RS, Singh SK, Mandal AK. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: A Double-Blind, Randomized-Control Trial Using Tadalafil. Sex Med. 2019;7(1):41–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang H, Zhao LM, Lin HC, Yan S, Liu JH, Zhu ZH, et al. Evaluation of the long-term safety and effectiveness of tadalafil once daily in Chinese men with erectile dysfunction: interim results of a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. Asian J Androl. 2018;20(6):587–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee JG, Kim BD, Han CH, Lee KK, Yum KS. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of a daily dose of 5 mg of tadalafil, over an 8-week period, for improving quality of life among Korean men with andropause symptoms, including erectile dysfunction: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(51):e13827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cocci A, Capece M, Cito G, Russo GI, Falcone M, Timpano M, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Oro-Dispersible Sildenafil in a New Film Formulation for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: Comparison Between Sildenafil 100-mg Film-Coated Tablet and 75-mg Oro-Dispersible Film. J Sex Med. 2017;14(12):1606–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Park HJ, Kim SW, Kim JJ, Lee SW, Paick JS, Ahn TY, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Therapeutic Confirmatory Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Avanafil in Korean Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(6):1016–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Li H, Bai G, Zhang X, Shi B, Liu D, Jiang H, et al. Effects of Two Different Dosages of Sildenafil on Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(3):525–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Li G, Lan H, Liang J, Zhang C, Huang C. Efficacy of Tadalafil De-Escalation in the Treatment of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction. Urol Int. 2017;98(2):205–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mohamed Gharib T, Abdel-Al I, Elatreisy A, Kandeel W, El-Shaer W, Abdrabuh AM, et al. Short- and long-term follow-up results of daily 5-mg tadalafil as a treatment for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Arab J Urol. 2022;20(1):49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tuken M, Culha MG, Serefoglu EC. Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine/sildenafil combination tablets in the treatment of men with premature ejaculation and concomitant erectile dysfunction-DAP-SPEED Study. Int J Impot Res. 2019;31(2):92–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sebastianelli A, Morselli S, Spatafora P, Liaci A, Gemma L, Zaccaro C, et al. Outcomes of combination therapy with daily tadalafil 5 mg plus tamsulosin 0.4 mg to treat lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction in men with or without metabolic syndrome. Minerva Urol Nephrol. 2021;73(6):836–44.

  45. Sebastianelli A, Spatafora P, Frizzi J, Saleh O, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A, et al. Which Drug to Discontinue 3 Months After Combination Therapy of Tadalafil plus Tamsulosin for Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptom and Erectile Dysfunction? Results of a Prospective Observational Trial. Eur Urol Focus. 2021;7(2):432–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sebastianelli A, Spatafora P, Frizzi J, Saleh O, Sessa M, De Nunzio C, et al. Tadalafil 5 mg Alone or in Combination with Tamsulosin 0.4 mg for the Management of Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Erectile Dysfunction: Results of a Prospective Observational Trial. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8):E1126.

  47. Zhang Z, Li H, Zhang X, Dai Y, Park HJ, Jiann BP, et al. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil 5 mg once-daily in Asian men with both lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo- and tamsulosin-controlled study. Int J Urol Off J Jpn Urol Assoc. 2019;26(2):192–200.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Amano T, Earle C, Imao T, Matsumoto Y, Kishikage T. Administration of daily 5 mg tadalafil improves endothelial function in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Aging Male Off J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2018;21(1):77–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Özkıdık M, Gökce Mİ, Yaman Ö. Efficacy of tadalafil treatment on erectile dysfunction in patients under dutasteride treatment: A prospective non-randomized comparative study. Turk J Urol. 2018;44(4):294–7.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kim SW, Park NC, Lee SW, Yang DY, Park JK, Moon DG, et al. Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil for Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Erectile Dysfunction: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded. Active-Controlled Trial J Sex Med. 2017;14(8):1018–27.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lee MK, Lee JH, Sohn SY, Lee SY, Jeong TY, Kim SC. Effect of low-dose tadalafil once daily on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Du L, Jia JH, Xue WY, Qi JC. Effect of tadalafil combined with atorvastatin on hemodynamics and sexual function in middle-aged and elderly patients with hyperlipidemia complicated with erectile dysfunction. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):1965–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Jagdish RK, Kamaal A, Shasthry SM, Benjamin J, Maiwall R, Jindal A, et al. Tadalafil improves erectile dysfunction and quality of life in men with cirrhosis: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Hepatol Int. 2021 Nov 14;

  54. Verri V, Nascimento AR, Brandao AA, Tibirica E. Effects of chronic type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition on penile microvascular reactivity in hypertensive patients with erectile dysfunction: a randomized crossover placebo-controlled trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35(4):360–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Thakur J, Rathi S, Grover S, Chopra M, Agrawal S, Taneja S, et al. Tadalafil, a Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor, Improves Erectile Dysfunction in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2019;9(3):312–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bolat MS, Cinar O, Akdeniz E, Aşcı R. Low dose daily versus on-demand high dose tadalafil in diabetic patients with erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2018;30(3):102–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bolat MS, Özer İ, Cinar O, Akdeniz E, Aşcı R. The efficacy of low-dose tadalafil in patients undergoing hemodialysis with end-stage renal disease. Ren Fail. 2017;39(1):582–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang J, Wang YL, He Y, Li S, Zhang YP, Cheng YB, et al. Influencing Factors for Erectile Dysfunction of Young Adults with No Response to PDE5i. Curr Med Sci. 2021;41(3):529–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang Y, Zhou W, Wu X, Liu G, Dai Y, Jiang H, et al. Cavernous artery intima-media thickness predicts the response to sildenafil in erectile dysfunction patients as a morphological parameter. Andrologia. 2021;53(8):e14149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Ventimiglia E, Pozzi E, Chierigo F, Belladelli F, et al. Undiagnosed prediabetes status is associated with a reduced effectiveness of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in men with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2020;32(4):393–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Rocca MS, Vignoli A, Tenori L, Ghezzi M, De Rocco PM, Vatsellas G, et al. Evaluation of Serum/Urine Genomic and Metabolomic Profiles to Improve the Adherence to Sildenafil Therapy in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:602369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kızılay F, Kalemci S, Şimşir A, Altay B. Predisposing factors for erectile dysfunction and response to treatment in younger males: Are they different from those of older men? An observational-comparative study. Andrologia. 2020;52(2):e13495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Jamaluddin null, Bansal M, Srivastava GK, Gupta NP. Role of Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Therapeutic Response to Tadalafil in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective Observational Study. J Sex Med. 2019;16(12):1912–21.

  64. Lacchini R, Muniz JJ, Nobre YTDA, Cologna AJ, Martins ACP, Tanus-Santos JE. Influence of arginase polymorphisms and arginase levels/activity on the response to erectile dysfunction therapy with sildenafil. Pharmacogenomics J. 2018;18(2):238–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ogreden E, Oğuz U, Demirelli E, Tosun A, Yalçın O. Relationship between Response to PDE5 Inhibitors and Penile Duplex Doppler Ultrasound in Erectile Dysfunction. Med Sci Basel Switz. 2018;6(2):E28.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cai T, Palumbo F, Liguori G, Mondaini N, Scroppo FI, Di Trapani D, et al. The intra-meatal application of alprostadil cream (Vitaros®) improves drug efficacy and patient’s satisfaction: results from a randomized, two-administration route, cross-over clinical trial. Int J Impot Res. 2019;31(2):119–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Garrido-Abad P, Senra-Bravo I, Manfredi C, Fernández-Pascual E, Linares-Espinós E, Fernández-Arjona M, et al. Combination therapy with topical alprostadil and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors after failure of oral therapy in patients with erectile dysfunction: a prospective, two-arm, open-label, non-randomized study. Int J Impot Res. 2022;34(2):164–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ralph DJ, Eardley I, Taubel J, Terrill P, Holland T. Efficacy and Safety of MED2005, a Topical Glyceryl Trinitrate Formulation, in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized Crossover Study. J Sex Med. 2018;15(2):167–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Chung E, Bailey W, Wang J. A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Clinical Trial Using a Second-Generation Duolith SD1 Low-Intensity Shockwave Machine in Males with Vascular Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2022 Jan 2;

  70. Geyik S. A single-centre result of two courses of low-intensity shockwave therapy (Li-SWT) in erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2022;54(2):e14324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Chung E, Cartmill R. Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study. Sex Med. 2021;9(4):100384. It is a recent prospective study that differs from others due to its long follow-up time. This allows us to extract different results regarding the efficacy of shock wave therapy over time. The short follow-up time is one of the main weaknesses of the rest of the studies.

  72. Akande TO, Akinwunmi OM, Adebayo SA, Akinyinka AO, Shittu OB. EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF LOW-INTENSITY EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF VASCULAR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN NIGERIAN MEN: REPORT OF A STUDY IN IBADAN, SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2021;19(1):8–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lei Q, Wang D, Liu C, Ji Z, Yan S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus on-demand sildenafil for erectile dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol. 2021;10(2):860–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ortac M, Özmez A, Cilesiz NC, Demirelli E, Kadıoğlu A. The impact of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of young patients with vasculogenic mild erectile dysfunction: A prospective randomized single-blind, sham controlled study. Andrology. 2021;9(5):1571–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Palmieri A, Arcaniolo D, Palumbo F, Verze P, Liguori G, Mondaini N, et al. Low intensity shockwave therapy in combination with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors is an effective and safe treatment option in patients with vasculogenic ED who are PDE5i non-responders: a multicenter single-arm clinical trial. Int J Impot Res. 2021;33(6):634–40.

  76. Vinay J, Moreno D, Rajmil O, Ruiz-Castañe E, Sanchez-Curbelo J. Penile low intensity shock wave treatment for PDE5I refractory erectile dysfunction: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial. World J Urol. 2021;39(6):2217–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Huang YP, Liu W, Liu YD, Zhang M, Xu SR, Lu MJ. Effect of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy on nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity and penile haemodynamics. Andrologia. 2020;52(10):e13745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kalyvianakis D, Mykoniatis I, Memmos E, Kapoteli P, Memmos D, Hatzichristou D. Low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiST) for erectile dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial assessing the impact of energy flux density (EFD) and frequency of sessions. Int J Impot Res. 2020;32(3):329–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim KS, Jeong HC, Choi SW, Choi YS, Cho HJ, Ha US, et al. Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Prospective Study. World J Mens Health. 2020;38(2):236–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Lurz K, Dreher P, Levy J, McGreen B, Piraino J, Brevik A, et al. Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11286.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Patel P, Katz J, Lokeshwar SD, Molina M, Reis IM, Clavijo R, et al. Phase II Randomized, Clinical Trial Evaluating 2 Schedules of Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med. 2020;8(2):214–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Sramkova T, Motil I, Jarkovsky J, Sramkova K. Erectile Dysfunction Treatment Using Focused Linear Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwaves: Single-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Urol Int. 2020;104(5–6):417–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Wang J, Luo L, Zhao S, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Zhao Z. Low intensity extracorporeal shockwave Therapy shifts PDE5i nonresponders to responders. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. 2020;46(6):934–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wu SS, Ericson KJ, Shoskes DA. Retrospective comparison of focused shockwave therapy and radial wave therapy for men with erectile dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(5):2122–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Fojecki GL, Tiessen S, Osther PJS. Effect of Linear Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction-12-Month Follow-Up of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Sham-Controlled. Study Sex Med. 2018;6(1):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kalyvianakis D, Memmos E, Mykoniatis I, Kapoteli P, Memmos D, Hatzichristou D. Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing 2 Treatment Protocols and the Impact of Repeating Treatment. J Sex Med. 2018;15(3):334–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Katz JE, Molina ML, Clavijo R, Prakash NS, Ramasamy R. A Phase 2 Randomized Trial To Evaluate Different Dose Regimens of Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Clinical Trial Update. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(3):336–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Kitrey ND, Vardi Y, Appel B, Shechter A, Massarwi O, Abu-Ghanem Y, et al. Low Intensity Shock Wave Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction-How Long Does the Effect Last? J Urol. 2018;200(1):167–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Ayala HAC, Cuartas JPS, Cleves DC. Impact on the Quality of Erections after Completing a Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment Cycle on a Group of 710 Patients. Adv Urol. 2017;2017:1843687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Tsai CC, Wang CJ, Lee YC, Kuo YT, Lin HH, Li CC, et al. Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Can Improve Erectile Function in Patients Who Failed to Respond to Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1781–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kalyvianakis D, Hatzichristou D. Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy Improves Hemodynamic Parameters in Patients With Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction: A Triplex Ultrasonography-Based Sham-Controlled Trial. J Sex Med. 2017;14(7):891–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Gallo L, Pecoraro S, Sarnacchiaro P. Adjuvant daily therapy with L-arginine 2,500 mg and tadalafil 5 mg increases efficacy and duration of benefits of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded study with 1-year follow-up. Investig Clin Urol. 2022;63(1):83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Mykoniatis I, Pyrgidis N, Zilotis F, Kapoteli P, Fournaraki A, Kalyvianakis D, et al. The Effect of Combination Treatment With Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy and Tadalafil on Mild and Mild-To-Moderate Erectile Dysfunction: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical. Trial J Sex Med. 2022;19(1):106–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sandoval-Salinas C, Saffon JP, Martínez JM, Corredor HA, Gallego A. Are Radial Pressure Waves Effective for the Treatment of Moderate or Mild to Moderate Erectile Dysfunction? A Randomized Sham Therapy Controlled Clinical Trial. J Sex Med. 2022;19(5):738–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Vena W, Vaccalluzzo L, LA Vignera S, Morenghi E, D’Agostino C, Perri A, et al. Low-intensity shockwave treatment (liswt) improves penile rigidity in eugonadal subjects with erectile dysfunction: a pilot study. Minerva Endocrinol. 2021 Dec 21;

  96. Lau W, Shum CF, Lua HCA, Teo CPC. Low-intensity shockwave therapy in the management of erectile dysfunction in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2021;50(8):652–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Daneshwar D, Nordin A. Low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients with erectile dysfunction. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(2):e28546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ergün M, Akyüz O. Is Li-ESWT effective in diabetic patients with severe erectile dysfunction? Asian J Androl. 2022;24(5):521–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Ladegaard PBJ, Mortensen J, Skov-Jeppesen SM, Lund L. Erectile Dysfunction A Prospective Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (LI-ESWT) in Men With Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy. Sex Med. 2021;9(3):100338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Shendy WS, Elsoghier OM, El Semary MM, Ahmed AA, Ali AF, Saber-Khalaf M. Effect of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on diabetic erectile dysfunction: Randomised control trial. Andrologia. 2021;53(4):e13997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Verze P, Capece M, Creta M, La Rocca R, Persico F, Spirito L, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-intensity shockwave therapy plus tadalafil 5 mg once daily in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction: a matched-pair comparison study. Asian J Androl. 2020;22(4):379–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Zasieda Y. Combined treatment with focused low-intensity shock-wave therapy and androgen-stimulation therapy in men with corporal veno-occlusive erectile dysfunction on the background of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Georgian Med News. 2020;307:49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Yamaçake KGR, Carneiro F, Cury J, Lourenço R, Françolin PC, Piovesan AC, et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients. A prospective, randomized, double blinded, sham-controlled study with evaluation by penile Doppler ultrasonography. Int J Impot Res. 2019;31(3):195–203.

  104. Wang CJ, Lu YM, Li CC, Wu WJ, Chien TM. Low-intensity shock wave therapy ameliorates erectile dysfunction in men with pelvic fractures associated with urethral injury. Int J Impot Res. 2019;31(3):218–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ghahhari J, De Nunzio C, Lombardo R, Ferrari R, Gatti L, Ghidini N, et al. Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Which Gives the Best Results? A Retrospective National, Multi-Institutional Comparative Study of Different Shockwave Technologies. Surg Technol Int. 2022;19(40):213–8.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Oginski N, Apel H, Richterstetter M, Lieb V, Fiebig C, Goebell PJ, et al. Analysis of the Impact of Clinical Factors on Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Urol Int. 2022;10:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Adeldaeim HM, Abouyoussif T, Gebaly OE, Assem A, Wahab MMA, Rashad H, et al. Prognostic Indicators for Successful Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Urology. 2021;149:133–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Caretta N, De Rocco PM, Minicuci N, De Santis I, Palego P, Garolla A, et al. Efficacy of penile low-intensity shockwave treatment for erectile dysfunction: correlation with the severity of cavernous artery disease. Asian J Androl. 2021;23(5):462–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Geyik S. Comparison of the efficacy of low-intensity shock wave therapy and its combination with platelet-rich plasma in patients with erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2021;53(10):e14197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Tzou KY, Hu SW, Bamodu OA, Wang YH, Wu WL, Wu CC. Efficacy of Penile Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy and Determinants of Treatment Response in Taiwanese Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Musa ZS, El-Assmy A, Shokry AM, Shokeir AA, Zween T, Al-Kenawy MR. Long-term effectiveness and predictors of success of low-intensity shockwave therapy in phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors non-responders. Arab J Urol. 2020;18(1):54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. De Oliveira PS, De Oliveira TR, Nunes Á, Martins F, Lopes T. Low-intensity shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction and the influence of disease duration. Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol. 2019;90(4):276–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Vita R, Benvenga S, Giammusso B, La Vignera S. Determinants of Early Response to Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwaves for the Treatment of Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction: An Open-Label, Prospective Study. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):E1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Bieri M, Said E, Antonini G, Dickerson D, Tuma J, Bartlett CE, et al. Phase I and registry study of autologous bone marrow concentrate evaluated in PDE5 inhibitor refractory erectile dysfunction. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. You D, Jang MJ, Song G, Shin HC, Suh N, Kim YM, et al. Safety of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in erectile dysfunction: an open-label phase 1 clinical trial. Cytotherapy. 2021;23(10):931–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Al Demour S, Jafar H, Adwan S, AlSharif A, Alhawari H, Alrabadi A, et al. Safety and Potential Therapeutic Effect of Two Intracavernous Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells injections in Diabetic Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: An Open Label Phase I Clinical Trial. Urol Int. 2018;101(3):358–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Yiou R, Hamidou L, Birebent B, Bitari D, Le Corvoisier P, Contremoulins I, et al. Intracavernous Injections of Bone Marrow Mononucleated Cells for Postradical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction: Final Results of the INSTIN Clinical Trial. Eur Urol Focus. 2017;3(6):643–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Koga S, Horiguchi Y. Efficacy of a cultured conditioned medium of exfoliated deciduous dental pulp stem cells in erectile dysfunction patients. J Cell Mol Med. 2022;26(1):195–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Mirzaei M, Bagherinasabsarab M, Pakmanesh H, Mohammadi R, Teimourian M, Jahani Y, et al. The Effect of Intracavernosal Injection of Stem Cell in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Single-blinded Clinical Trial. Urol J. 2021;18(6):675–81.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Al Demour S, Adwan S, Jafar H, Rahmeh R, Alhawari H, Awidi A. Safety and Efficacy of 2 Intracavernous Injections of Allogeneic Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Diabetic Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial. Urol Int. 2021;105(11–12):935–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Protogerou V, Beshari SE, Michalopoulos E, Mallis P, Chrysikos D, Samolis AA, et al. The Combined Use of Stem Cells and Platelet Lysate Plasma for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Pilot Study-6 Months Results. Med Basel Switz. 2020;7(3):E14.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Protogerou V, Michalopoulos E, Mallis P, Gontika I, Dimou Z, Liakouras C, et al. Administration of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet Lysate in Erectile Dysfunction: A Single Center Pilot Study. Bioeng Basel Switz. 2019;6(1):E21.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Haahr MK, Harken Jensen C, Toyserkani NM, Andersen DC, Damkier P, Sørensen JA, et al. A 12-Month Follow-up After a Single Intracavernous Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy: An Open-Label Phase I Clinical Trial. Urology. 2018;121:203.e6-203.e13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. von Schwarz ER, Busse N, Angelus KM, Omair A, von Schwarz AA, Bogaardt PC. Intracavernous injection of stem cell-derived bioactive molecules for erectile dysfunction—a pilot phase non-randomized controlled trial. JOMH. 2021;17(4):99–108.

  125. Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Preti PS, Maffioli P. Evaluation of the Effect on Sexual Performance of a Nutraceutical Combination Containing Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitis vinifera L. and Ginkgo biloba, Compared to Placebo, Avanafil or a Combination of Nutraceutical Plus Avanafil in Males With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Erectile Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:847240.

  126. Mirone V, Napolitano L, D’Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Mitidieri E, Sorrentino R, Vanelli A, et al. A new original nutraceutical formulation ameliorates the effect of Tadalafil on clinical score and cGMP accumulation. Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol. 2021;93(2):221–6.

  127. Shirai M, Miyoshi Y, Ogasa T, Miyoshi M, Ishikawa K, Hiramatsu I, et al. Oral Testofen, L-Citrulline, Resveratrol, and Caffeine Supplement Drink Improves Sexual Function in Men with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(4):733–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, Mizuno T, Nozaki T, et al. Oral L-citrulline and Transresveratrol Supplementation Improves Erectile Function in Men With Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: A Randomized, Double-Blind. Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study Sex Med. 2018;6(4):291–6.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Shankhwar SN, Mahdi AA, Sharma AV, Pv K. A Prospective Clinical Study of a Prosexual Nutrient: Nano Leo for Evaluation of Libido, Erection, and Orgasm in Indian Men with Erectile Dysfunction. Evid-Based Complement. Altern Med ECAM. 2020;2020:4598217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Park NC, Kim SW, Hwang SY, Park HJ. Efficacy and safety of an herbal formula (KBMSI-2) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A preliminary clinical study. Investig Clin Urol. 2019;60(4):275–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Elshahid ARM, Shahein IM, Mohammed YF, Ismail NF, Zakarria HBAER, GamalEl Din SF. Folic acid supplementation improves erectile function in patients with idiopathic vasculogenic erectile dysfunction by lowering peripheral and penile homocysteine plasma levels: a case-control study. Andrology. 2020;8(1):148–53.

  132. Stein RA, Schmid K, Bolivar J, Swick AG, Joyal SV, Hirsh SP. Kaempferia parviflora ethanol extract improves self-assessed sexual health in men: a pilot study. J Integr Med. 2018;16(4):249–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Nguyen S, Rajfer J, Shaheen M. Safety and efficacy of daily Revactin® in men with erectile dysfunction: a 3-month pilot study. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(2):266–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Quarto G, Cola A, Perdonà S. Efficacy of a formulation containing Serenoa repens, Crocus sativus and Pinus massoniana extracts in men with concomitant LUTS and erectile dysfunction. Minerva Urol E Nefrol Ital J Urol Nephrol. 2017;69(3):300–6.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Sharma T, Ramamurthy A, Nathani S, Anand P. A comparative clinical study of black and white seeds of Kapikacchu with special reference to Vrishya Karma. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2017;8:121–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Lin C, Pattraraachachai J, Pawa KK, Wongyai S. A preliminary study of the efficacy of the polyherbal preparation Sao Thong Tai for erectile dysfunction among elderly men: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Phytoscience. 2022;8(1):9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hussain MA, Alam MN, Ahmed N, Said H, Afrin SF, Hassan Z, et al. Investigation of efficacy of an herbal product (Habb-E-Munish) in the treatment of ED Using IIEF-5 scores and its effect on liver and renal functions. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2019;19(1):176–9.

  138. Tadayon Najafabadi B, Jafarinia M, Ghamari K, Shokraee K, Tadayyon F, Akhondzadeh S. Vitamin E and ginseng combined supplement for treatment of male erectile dysfunction: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial. Adv Integr Med. 2021;8(1):44–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Farnia V, Tatari F, Alikhani M, Shakeri J, Taghizadeh M, Karbasizadeh H, et al. Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone in male patients with opium use disorder under methadone maintenance therapy-results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;1(176):117–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Kulkarni O, Agarwal A, Khare P, Ganu G. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study to assess efficacy and safety of nrl/mw/201901 in subjects suffering from erectile dysfunction. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2020;11(3):2790–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Najafabadi BT, Farsinejad M, Shokraee K, Momtazmanesh S, Violette PD, Esalatmanesh S, et al. Possible effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Herb Med. 2022;1(32): 100551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Trebaticky B, Muchova J, Ziaran S, Bujdak P, Breza J, Durackova Z. Natural polyphenols improve erectile function and lipid profile in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):941–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Gallo L, Pecoraro S, Sarnacchiaro P, Silvani M, Antonini G. The Daily Therapy With L-Arginine 2,500 mg and Tadalafil 5 mg in Combination and in Monotherapy for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective. Randomized Multicentre Study Sex Med. 2020;8(2):178–85.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Abu El-Hamd M, Hegazy EM. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of daily use of L-arginine, tadalafil and combined L-arginine with tadalafil in the treatment of elderly patients with erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2020;52(7):e13640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Menafra D, de Angelis C, Garifalos F, Mazzella M, Galdiero G, Piscopo M, et al. Long-term high-dose L-arginine supplementation in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(5):941–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. GamalEl Din SF, Abdel Salam MA, Mohamed MS, Ahmed AR, Motawaa AT, Saadeldin OA, et al. Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled study. Urologia. 2019;86(2):74–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Kamenov Z, Fileva S, Kalinov K, Jannini EA. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Maturitas. 2017;99:20–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Demirci A, Çakan M, Topçuoğlu M. Whether Adding Vitamin D to Tadalafil 5 mg Treatment Is Useful in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction and Vitamin D Deficiency? Urol Int. 2021;105(5–6):514–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ali DA, Ranjan DP, Priyadarshi DS, Pandey DR. Evaluation Of Safety And Efficacy Of Vitamin D Supplementation Inerectile Dysfunction Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency. Clin Med. 2021;08(04):6.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Zaghloul AS, El-Nashaar AM, Said SZ, Osman IA, Mostafa T. Assessment of the intracavernosal injection platelet-rich plasma in addition to daily oral tadalafil intake in diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction non-responding to on-demand oral PDE5 inhibitors. Andrologia. 2022;54(6):e14421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Wong SM, Chiang BJ, Chen HC, Wu YN, Lin YH, Liao CH. A short term follow up for intracavernosal injection of platelet rich plasma for the treatment of erectile dysfunction [Internet]. Vol. 32, Urological Science. 2021. p. 171–6. Available from: https://www.e-urol-sci.com/article.asp?issn=1879-5226;year=2021;volume=32;issue=4;spage=171;epage=176;aulast=Wong

  152. Taş T, Çakıroğlu B, Arda E, Onuk Ö, Nuhoğlu B. Early Clinical Results of the Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration in Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med. 2021;9(2):100313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. • Poulios E, Mykoniatis I, Pyrgidis N, Zilotis F, Kapoteli P, Kotsiris D, et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Improves Erectile Function: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Sex Med. 2021;18(5):926–35. It is the only paper on PRP therapy that is a randomized clinical trial. It also presents the largest number of patients and the one of the longest follow-up time.

  154. Zaghloul AS, Mahmoud ElNashar AER, GamalEl Din SF, Zaki Said S, Saad HM, Refaat Eldebs H, et al. Smoking status and the baseline international index of erectile function score can predict satisfactory response to platelet-rich plasma in patients with erectile dysfunction: A prospective pilot study. Andrologia. 2021;53(9):e14162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Matz EL, Pearlman AM, Terlecki RP. Safety and feasibility of platelet rich fibrin matrix injections for treatment of common urologic conditions. Investig Clin Urol. 2018;59(1):61–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Cirino G, Sorrentino R, di Villa Bianca R d’Emmanuele, Popolo A, Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, et al. Involvement of beta 3-adrenergic receptor activation via cyclic GMP- but not NO-dependent mechanisms in human corpus cavernosum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(9):5531–6.

  157. Karakus S, Musicki B, Burnett AL. Mirabegron improves erectile function in men with overactive bladder and erectile dysfunction: a 12-week pilot study. Int J Impot Res. 2021 Jul 2;

  158. Elbaz R, El-Assmy A, Zahran MH, Hashem A, Shokeir AA. Mirabegron for treatment of erectile dysfunction concomitant with lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic obstruction: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Urol Off J Jpn Urol Assoc. 2022;29(5):390–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Bayraktar Z, Albayrak S. Antiplatelet (aspirin) therapy as a new option in the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50(3):411–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Bayraktar Z, Albayrak S. Efficacy and safety of combination of tadalafil and aspirin versus tadalafil or aspirin alone in patients with vascular erectile dysfunction: a comparative randomized prospective study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51(9):1491–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ghoreishi A, Dashtaki L, Hajisalimi B. Bupropion as a Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Acta Med Iran [Internet]. 2019 Sep 30 [cited 2022 Aug 29];57(5). Available from: https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/7649

  162. Yee A, Loh HS, Ong TA, Ng CG, Sulaiman AH. Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion as Treatment for Methadone-Emergent Sexual Dysfunction in Men. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(5):1705–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Mohammad EJ, Jaffal WN, Abbas KM. The Efficacy of Using Cabergoline in Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction Treatment (A Local Study) -. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(3):702–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Cannarella R, Calogero AE, Aversa A, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S. Is There a Role for Levo-Thyroxine for the Treatment of Arterial Erectile Dysfunction? The Clinical Relevance of the Mean Platelet Volume. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):E742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Foy CG, Newman JC, Russell GB, Berlowitz DR, Bates JT, Burgner AM, et al. Effect of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Treatment Upon Erectile Function in Hypertensive Men: Findings From the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. J Sex Med. 2020;17(2):238–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Giuliano F, Denys P, Joussain C. Effectiveness and Safety of Intracavernosal IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) 100 U as an Add-on Therapy to Standard Pharmacological Treatment for Difficult-to-Treat Erectile Dysfunction: A Case Series. Toxins. 2022;14(4):286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Giuliano F, Joussain C, Denys P. Long Term Effectiveness and Safety of Intracavernosal Botulinum Toxin A as an Add-on Therapy to Phosphosdiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors or Prostaglandin E1 Injections for Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2022;19(1):83–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Moradi S, Khazaeli D, Dadfar M, Bakhtiari N. Efficacy of Intracavernosal Injections of 50-Unit Versus 100-Unit Doses of AbobotulinumtoxinA (Masport®) in Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction with Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Resistant. Nephro-Urol Mon. 2022;14(1):e119131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Abdelrahman IFS, Raheem AA, Elkhiat Y, Aburahma AA, Abdel-Raheem T, Ghanem H. Safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of erectile dysfunction refractory to phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Andrology. 2022;10(2):254–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. • El-Shaer W, Ghanem H, Diab T, Abo-Taleb A, Kandeel W. Intra-cavernous injection of BOTOX® (50 and 100 Units) for treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: Randomized controlled trial. Andrology. 2021;9(4):1166–75. It is the randomized clinical trial for the treatment of ED with botulinum toxin injections with the largest number of patients with a great difference compared to the rest. In addition to comparing treatment with placebo, it also has the longest follow-up time.

  171. Giuliano F, Joussain C, Denys P. Safety and Efficacy of Intracavernosal Injections of AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) as Add on Therapy to Phosphosdiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors or Prostaglandin E1 for Erectile Dysfunction-Case Studies. Toxins. 2019;11(5):E283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Taşkapu HH, Sönmez MG, Kılınç MT, Altınkaya N, Aydın A, Balasar M. Efficiency of intracavernosal alprostadil and oral clomiphene citrate combination treatment in penile vasculogenic erectile dysfunction patients accompanied by late-onset hypogonadism. Andrologia. 2020;52(10): e13759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Bernie HL, Segal R, Le B, Burnett A, Bivalacqua TJ. An Empirical vs Risk-Based Approach Algorithm to Intracavernosal Injection Therapy: A Prospective Study. Sex Med. 2017;5(1):e31–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Bearelly P, Phillips EA, Pan S, O’Brien K, Asher K, Martinez D, et al. Long-term intracavernosal injection therapy: treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction. Int J Impot Res. 2020;32(3):345–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Apergis N, Gounidis A, Filippou DK, Papadopoulos VP. The Use of CPAP Independently Improves Nocturia, Erectile Function, and Depression Symptoms in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Male Patients: an Observational Study. SN Compr Clin Med. 2021;3(7):1575–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Coban S, Gunes A, Gul A, Turkoglu AR, Guzelsoy M, Ozturk M, et al. Can continuous positive airway pressure improve lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction in male patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome? Investig Clin Urol. 2020;61(6):607–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Sen V, Sahin MO, Irer B, Koc E, Yildiz G. The impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on erectile functions and serum testosterone levels in patients with erectile dysfunction. Aging Male Off J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2020;23(1):66–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Schulz R, Bischof F, Galetke W, Gall H, Heitmann J, Hetzenecker A, et al. CPAP therapy improves erectile function in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2019;53:189–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Pascual M, de Batlle J, Barbé F, Castro-Grattoni AL, Auguet JM, Pascual L, et al. Erectile dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea patients: A randomized trial on the effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0201930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Melehan KL, Hoyos CM, Hamilton GS, Wong KK, Yee BJ, McLachlan RI, et al. Randomized Trial of CPAP and Vardenafil on Erectile and Arterial Function in Men With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Erectile Dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1601–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Sahin MO, Sen V, Eser E, Koc E, Gumus U, Karakuzu C, et al. The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Erectile Functions: A Prospective Clinical Study. Urol Int. 2018;101(2):206–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Hadanny A, Lang E, Copel L, Meir O, Bechor Y, Fishlev G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen can induce angiogenesis and recover erectile function. Int J Impot Res. 2018;30(6):292–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Rislanu A, Auwal H, Musa D, Auwal A. Comparative Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulation and Aerobic Exercise in the Management of Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2020;30(6):961–70.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Carboni C, Fornari A, Bragante KC, Averbeck MA, Vianna da Rosa P, Mea Plentz RD. An initial study on the effect of functional electrical stimulation in erectile dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Impot Res. 2018;30(3):97–101.

  185. Cui W, Li H, Guan R, Li M, Yang B, Xu Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of novel low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in treating mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical study. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8(4):307–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Juho YC, Tang SH, Lin YH, Lin CX, Liang T, Cherng JH, et al. Germanium-Titanium-π Polymer Composites as Functional Textiles for Clinical Strategy to Evaluate Blood Circulation Improvement and Sexual Satisfaction. Polymers. 2021;13(23):4154.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Srivatsav A, Balasubramanian A, Pathak UI, Rivera-Mirabal J, Thirumavalavan N, Hotaling JM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Common Ingredients in Aphrodisiacs Used for Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. Sex Med Rev. 2020;8(3):431–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Leisegang K, Finelli R. Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Arab J Urol. 2021;19(3):323–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Javier Romero-Otero.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have existing conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors were performed in accordance with all applicable ethical standards including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Men’s Health

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alonso-Isa, M., García-Gómez, B., González-Ginel, I. et al. Conservative Non-surgical Options for Erectile Dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep 24, 75–104 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-022-01137-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-022-01137-2

Keywords

Navigation