Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus is a recently identified virus that is associated with KS, multicentric Castleman’s disease, and body cavity-based lymphomas. KS is the most common kind of cancer in AIDS patients and the initial AIDS-defining condition in over 20% of patients. HHV-8 DNA has now been detected in over 95% of KS tissue samples supporting the concept that HHV-8 has a causal role in KS. The discovery has opened new avenues for understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of KS and related conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin M, et al.: Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865–1869.
Memar O, Rady P, Tyring S: Human herpesvirus-8: detection of novel herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi’s sarcoma and other lesions. J Mol Med 1995, 73:603–609.
Zhong W, Wang H, Herndier B, Ganem D: Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:6641–6646.
Zhong J-C, Metroka C, Reitz M, et al.: Strain variability among Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genomes: evidence that a large cohort of United States AIDS patients may have been infected by a single common isolate. J Virol 1997, 71:2505–2511.
Gessain A, Mauclere P, van Beveren M, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa. Int J Cancer 1999, 81:189–192.
Oksenhendler E, Cazals-Hatem D, Schulz T, et al.: Transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi’s sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1585–1590. Interesting presentation of the clinical findings associated with acute HHV-8 infection and transient occurrence of KS.
Mitsuyasu R: Clinical variants and staging of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Semin Oncol 1987, 14:13–18.
Stein M, Lachter J, Spencer D, et al.: Variants of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Southern Africa: a retrospective analysis (1980–1992). Acta Oncologica 1996, 35:193–199.
Dezube B: Clinical presentation and natural history of AIDSrelated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996, 10:1023–1029.
Stickler M, Friedman-Kien A: Kaposi’s sarcoma. Clin Dermatol 1991, 9:39–47.
Beral V, Peterman T, Berkelman R, Jaffe H: Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 1990, 335:123–127.
Lassoued K, Clauvel J-P, Fegueux S, et al.: AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in female patients. AIDS 1991, 5:877–880.
Gray M, Trimble C, Zirn J, et al.: Relationship of factor XIIIapositive dermal dendrocytes to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991, 115:791–796.
Gallo R: The enigmas of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 1999, 282:1837–1842. Thought provoking analysis of what is currently known about the pathogenesis of KS and whether the condition is truly a malignancy.
Browning P, Sechler J, Kaplan M, et al.: Identification and culture of Kaposi’s sarcoma-like spindle cells from the peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals and normal controls. Blood 1994, 84:2711–2720.
Flaitz C, Jin Y, Hicks M, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences (KSHV-HHV-8) in oral AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma: a PCR and clinicopathologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1997, 83:259–264.
Cathomas G, Tamm M, McGandy C, et al.: Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid o patients with pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma. Eur Respir J 1996, 9:1743–1746.
Whitby D, Howard M, Tenant-Flowers M, et al.: Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIVinfected individuals and progression to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1995, 346:799–802.
Staskus K, Zhong W, Gebhard K, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol 1997, 71:715–719.
Rose T, Strand K, Schultz E, et al.: Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species. J Virol 1997, 71:4138–4144.
Dupin N, Gorin I, Deleuze J, et al.: Herpes-like DNA sequences, AIDS-related tumors, and Castleman’s disease. J Engl J Med 1995, 333:798.
Soulier J, Grollet L, Okenhendler E, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman’s disease. Blood 1995, 86:1276–1280.
Komanduri K, Luce J, McGrath M, et al.: The natural history and molecular heterogeneity of HIV-associated primary malignant lymphomatous effusions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996, 13:215–226.
Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore P, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related bodycavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1186–1191.
Gessain A, Briere J, Angelin-Duclos C, et al.: Human herpes virus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus) and malignan lymphoproliferations in France: a molecular study of 250 cases including two AIDS-associated body cavity based lymphomas. Leukemia 1997, 11:266–272. Good example of findings that correlate HHV-8 DNA sequences t specific malignancies.
Dupin N, Perrot S, Calvez V, et al.: Detection of HHV-8 in Sjögren’s syndrome. Am J Med 1996, 101:657–658.
Cathomas G, Tamm M, McGandy C, et al.: Absence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated human herpes virus 8 in transplantationrelated tumors other than Kaposi’s sarcoma. Transplant Proc 1997, 29:836–837.
Ensoli B, Barillari G, Gallo R: Pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991, 5:281–294.
Moore P, Boshoff C, Weiss R, Chang Y: Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 1996, 274:1739–1744.
Levy J, Ziegler J: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an opportunistic infection and Kaposi’s sarcoma results from secondary immune stimulation. Lancet 1983, ii:78.
Ensoli B, Nakamura S, Salahuddin S: AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma derived cells exress cytokines with autocrine and paracrine growth effects. Science 1989, 243:223–226.
Ganem D: Viruses, cytokines, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Curr Biol 1995, 5:469–471.
Feigal E. AIDS-associated malignancies: research perspectives. Biochem Biophys Acta 1998, 1423:C1-C9. Good discussion of cytokine dysregulation and how it could lead to the manifestations of KS.
Lafeuillade A, Kaplanski G, Allegre T, de Jaureguiberry J: IL-6 and b-FGF overproductions precede development of AIDSassociated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996, 12:95–96.
Davis D, Humphrey R, Newcomb F, et al.: Detection of serum antibodies to a Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirusspecific peptide. J Infect Dis 1997, 175:1071–1079.
Pellett P, Spira T, Bagasra O, et al.: Multicenter comparison of PCR assays for detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in semen. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:1298–1301. Describes the accuracy limits of PCR-based testing for HHV-8, circa 1999.
Smith M, Bloomer C, Horvat R, et al.: Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions and peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and correlation with serologic measurements. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:84–93.
Lennette E, Blackbourn D, Levy J: Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. Lancet 1996, 348:858–861.
Blackbourn D, Ambroziak J, Lennette E, et al.: Infectious human herpesvirus 8 in a healthy North American blood donor. Lancet 1997, 349:609–611.
Koelle D, Huang M-L, Chandran B, et al.: Frequent detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) DNA in Saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: clinical and immunologic correlates. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:94–102.
Jones D, Ballestas M, Kaye K, et al.: Primary-effusion lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma in a cardiac-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:444–449. Good clinical presentation of iatrogenic KS and BCBL.
Regamey N, Tamm M, Wernli M, et al.: Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection from renal-transplant donors to recipients. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1358–1363. Raises concern regarding transmission of HHV-8 via allografts.
Sachsenberg-Studer E, Dobrynski N, et al.: Human herpes-virus 8 seropositive patient with skin and graft Kaposi’s sarcoma after lung transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999, 40:308–311.
Mendez J, Procop G, Espy M, et al.: Relationship of HHV-8 replication and Kaposi’s sarcoma after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 1999, 67:1200–1201.
Regamey N, Tamm M, Binet I, et al.: Transplantation-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma: herpesvirus 8 transmission through renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1999, 31:922–923.
Frances C, Mouquet C, Calvez V. Human herpesvirus 8 and renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1045.
Marcelin A-G, Apetrei C, Dupin N, et al.: Parenteral transmission of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus. AIDS 1998, 12:2351–2363.
Masur H: 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Centers for Disease Contol, 1999.
Flore O, Gao S-J: Effect of DNA synthesis inhibitors on Kaposi’s sarcoma-assciated herpesvirus cyclin and major capsid protein gene expression. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 1997, 13:1229–1233.
Medveczky M, Horvath E, Lund T, Medveszky P: In vitro antiviral drug susceptibility of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. AIDS 1997, 11:1327–1332.
Kedes D, Ganem D: Sensitivity of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs: implications for potential therapy. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:2082–2086.
Monini P, Carlini F, Sturzl M, et al.: Alpha interferon inhibits herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) reactivation in primary effusion lymphoma cells and reduces HHV-8 viral load in cultured peripheral mononuclear cells. J Virol 1999, 73:4029–4041.
Revuelta M, Nord J: Successful treatment of multicentric Castleman’s disease in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:527–528.
Deichmann M, Thome M, Jackel A, et al.: Non-human immunodeficiency virus Kaposi’s sarcoma can be effectively treated with low-dose interferon-a despite the persistence of herpesvirus-8. Br J Dermatol 1998, 139:1052–1054.
Humphrey R, O’Brien T, Newcomb F, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: association with KS and persistence in patients receiving anti-herpes drugs. Blood 1996, 88:297–301.
Simonart T, Noel J-C, De Dobbeleer G, et al.: Treatment of classical Kaposi’s sarcoma with intralesional injections of cidofovir: report of a case. J Med Virol 1998, 55:215–218.
Mocroft A, Youle M, Gazzard B, et al.: Anti-herpesvirus treatment and risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV infection. AIDS 1996, 10:1101–1105.
Hermans P: Epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches in Kaposi’s sarcoma: 15-year lessions from AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother 1998, 52:440–446. Early findings on the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy on the epidemiology of KS in AIDS.
Murphy M, Armstrong D, Sepkowitz K, et al.: Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma following treatment with an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. AIDS 1997, 11:261–262.
Lebbe C, Blum L, Pellet C, et al.: Clinical and biological impact of antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors on HIVrelated Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 1998, 12:F45-F49.
Rizzieri D, Liu J, Traweek S, Miralles G: Clearance of HHV-8 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a protease inhibitor. Lancet 1997, 349:775–776.
Melbye M, Cook P, Hjalgrim H, et al.: Risk factors for Kaposi’ssarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) seropositivity in a cohort of homosexual men, 1981–1996. Int J Cancer 1998, 77:543–548.
Rezza G, Lennette E, Giuliani M, et al.: Prevalence and determinants of anti-lytic and anti-latent antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 among Italian individuals at risk of sexually and parenterally transmitted infections. Int J Cancer 1998, 77:361–365.
Grulich A, Olsen S, Luo K, et al.: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a sexually transmissable infection? J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovir 1999, 20:387–393.
Blackbourn D, Osmond D, Levy J, Lennette E: Increased human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in young homosexual men who have multiple sex contacts with different partners. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:237–239.
Cattani P, Capuano M, Cerimele F, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and evaluation of nonsexual transmission routes by detection of DNA in clinical specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients from central and southern Italy, with and without Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:1150–1153.
Kasolo F, Mpabalwani E, Gompels U: Infection with AIDSrelated herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virusnegative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi’s sarcoma in Africa. J Gen Virol 1997, 78:847–856.
Tedeschi R, De Paoli P, Schulz T, Dillner J: Human serum antibodies to a major defined epitope of human herpesvirus 8 small viral capsid antigen. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:1016–1020.
Kedes D, Ganem D, Ameli N, et al.: The prevalence of serum antibody to human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) among HIV-seropositive and high-risk HIVseronegative women. JAMA 1997, 277:478–481.
Sosa C, Klaskala W, Chandran B, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 as a potential sexually transmitted agent in Honduras. J Infect Dis 1998, 178:547–551.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Greenblatt, R.M. Human herpesvirus 8 infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 1, 279–285 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-999-0031-5
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-999-0031-5