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Developmental Programming of Body Composition: Update on Evidence and Mechanisms

  • Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance (M-E Patti, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

A growing body of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that nutritional or environmental stressors during early development can induce long-term adaptations that increase risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions—a phenomenon termed “developmental programming.” A common phenotype in humans and animal models is altered body composition, with reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. In this review, we summarize the recent literature linking prenatal factors to future body composition and explore contributing mechanisms.

Recent Findings

Many prenatal exposures, including intrauterine growth restriction, extremes of birth weight, maternal obesity, and maternal diabetes, are associated with increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and decreased bone density, with effects reported throughout infancy and childhood, and persisting into middle age. Mechanisms and mediators include maternal diet, breastmilk composition, metabolites, appetite regulation, genetic and epigenetic influences, stem cell commitment and function, and mitochondrial metabolism.

Summary

Differences in body composition are a common phenotype following disruptions to the prenatal environment, and may contribute to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes risk.

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Acknowledgments

Mikayla Kass and Ming Fang contributed to the literature review. The drawing of a human infant in Fig. 1 is by Charlie Aoun.

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  1. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Elvira Isganaitis

  2. Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Room 655A, Boston, 02215, MA, USA

    Elvira Isganaitis

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Isganaitis, E. Developmental Programming of Body Composition: Update on Evidence and Mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep 19, 60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1170-1

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