Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 2020

  • Heart Failure (HJ Eisen, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To briefly review the pathophysiology and natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to describe the diagnosis, assessment, and contemporary management strategies.

Recent Findings

HCM-related mortality remains low; however, symptoms due in large part to LVOT obstruction remain a clinical dilemma. Several medical therapies have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve functional capacity, including several recent phase 2 clinical trials involving the novel myosin modulator mavacamten. In patients with refractory symptoms, septal reduction therapy or advanced therapies remain viable options in many cases.

Summary

HCM is a complex and heterogeneous disease with diverse presentations and variable anatomy and clinical outcomes. The majority of patients will remain asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms and long-term survival remains high. For symptomatic patients, a variety of medical therapies, along with septal reduction therapies, have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve functional capacity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. • Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Link MS, Lesser JR, Chan RH, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adulthood associated with low cardiovascular mortality with contemporary management strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(18):1915–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.061Current treatment strategies appear to result in good outcomes in patients with HCM.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Semsarian C, Ingles J, Maron MS, Maron BJ. New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(12):1249–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Liouville H. Rétrécissement cardiaque sous aortique. Gazette Med Paris. 1869;24:161–3.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vulpian A. Contribution à l'étude des rétrécissements de l'orifice ventriculo-aortique. Arch Pathol. 1868;3:456–7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schmincke A. Ueber linkseitige muskulose conustenosen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1907;33:2082–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Whittle C. “Idiopathic” hypertrophy of the heart in a young man. Lancet. 1929;216:1354–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Evans W. Familial cardiomegaly. Br Heart J. 1949;11(1):68–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.11.1.68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958;20(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.20.1.1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Brock R. Functional obstruction of the left ventricle; acquired aortic subvalvar stenosis. Guys Hosp Rep. 1957;106(4):221–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Morrow AG, Braunwald E. Functional aortic stenosis; a malformation characterized by resistance to left ventricular outflow without anatomic obstruction. Circulation. 1959;20(2):181–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.20.2.181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Binder J, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Van Driest SL, Tajik AJ, Nishimura RA, et al. Echocardiography-guided genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal morphological features predict the presence of myofilament mutations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(4):459–67. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.4.459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chikamori T, Doi YL, Akizawa M, Yonezawa Y, Ozawa T, McKenna WJ. Comparison of clinical, morphological, and prognostic features in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy between Japanese and western patients. Clin Cardiol. 1992;15(11):833–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960151108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ho HH, Lee KL, Lau CP, Tse HF. Clinical characteristics of and long-term outcome in Chinese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Med. 2004;116(1):19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kitaoka H, Doi Y, Casey SA, Hitomi N, Furuno T, Maron BJ. Comparison of prevalence of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan and the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(10):1183–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.07.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yan L, Wang Z, Xu Z, Li Y, Tao Y, Fan C. Two hundred eight patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: clinical feature, prognosis, and comparison of pure and mixed forms. Clin Cardiol. 2012;35(2):101–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.20995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, Rakowski P, Parker TG, Wigle ED, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(4):638–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. An S, Fan C, Yan L, Cai C, Yang Y, Zhai S, et al. Comparison of long-term outcome between apical and asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2017;136(2):108–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kim EK, Lee SC, Hwang JW, Chang SA, Park SJ, On YK, et al. Differences in apical and non-apical types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective analysis of clinical, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance findings and outcome from 350 patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(6):678–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shah JS, Esteban MT, Thaman R, Sharma R, Mist B, Pantazis A, et al. Prevalence of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008;94(10):1288–94. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.126003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ayoub C, Geske JB, Larsen CM, Scott CG, Klarich KW, Pellikka PA. Comparison of Valsalva maneuver, amyl nitrite, and exercise echocardiography to demonstrate latent left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(12):2265–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.08.047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, Garberich RF, Wang W, Link MS, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):761–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Maron MS, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Casey SA, Lesser JR, Losi MA, et al. Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(4):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Olivotto I, Casey SA, Arretini A, Tomberli B, et al. Contemporary natural history and management of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(12):1399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001;104(21):2517–24. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.097997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rowin EJ, Hausvater A, Link MS, Abt P, Gionfriddo W, Wang W, et al. Clinical profile and consequences of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2017;136(25):2420–36. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Maron BJ. Clinical course and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(20):1977. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1812159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McKenna W, Deanfield J, Faruqui A, England D, Oakley C, Goodwin J. Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47(3):532–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(81)90535-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Haas TS, Chan RH, Udelson JE, et al. Risk stratification and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy >=60 years of age. Circulation. 2013;127(5):585–93. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.136085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Elliott P, McKenna WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004;363(9424):1881–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16358-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(24):e783–831. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318223e2bd.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. McLeod CJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ, Ommen SR. Outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a normal electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(3):229–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Houston BA, Stevens GR. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a review. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2014;8(Suppl 1):53–65. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMC.S15717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Maron BJ, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2013;381(9862):242–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Luckie M, Khattar RS. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve--beyond hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008;94(11):1383–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.122069.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006;114(21):2232–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Maron MS, Maron BJ. Clinical impact of contemporary cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2015;132(4):292–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, et al. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(30):2010–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jarcho JA, McKenna W, Pare JA, Solomon SD, Holcombe RF, Dickie S, et al. Mapping a gene for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to chromosome 14q1. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(20):1372–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198911163212005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sherrid MV, Barac I, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM, Dickie S, Chojnowska L, et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of disopyramide in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1251–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Maron MS, Chan RH, Kapur NK, Jaffe IZ, McGraw AP, Kerur R, et al. Effect of spironolactone on myocardial fibrosis and other clinical variables in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Med. 2018;131(7):837–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.02.025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Axelsson A, Iversen K, Vejlstrup N, Ho CY, Havndrup O, Kofoed KF, et al. Functional effects of losartan in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-a randomised clinical trial. Heart. 2016;102(4):285–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Olivotto I, Camici PG, Merlini PA, Rapezzi C, Patten M, Climent V, et al. Efficacy of ranolazine in patients with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the RESTYLE-HCM randomized, double-blind. Placebo-Controlled Study Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(1):e004124. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Abozguia K, Elliott P, McKenna W, Phan TT, Nallur-Shivu G, Ahmed I, et al. Metabolic modulator perhexiline corrects energy deficiency and improves exercise capacity in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2010;122(16):1562–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.934059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chong CR, Sallustio B, Horowitz JD. Drugs that affect cardiac metabolism: focus on perhexiline. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2016;30(4):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-016-6664-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. • Heitner SB, Jacoby D, Lester SJ, Owens A, Wang A, Zhang D, et al. Mavacamten treatment for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(11):741–8. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3016Study findings show a benefit to a novel therapy developed specifically for HCM.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. • Ho CY, Mealiffe ME, Bach RG, Bhattacharya M, Choudhury L, Edelberg JM, et al. Evaluation of mavacamten in symptomatic patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(21):2649–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.064Similar to the results in obstructive HCM mavacamten appears to improve outcomes in nonobstructive HCM as well.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Thamilarasan M, Lytle BW, Lever H, Desai MY. Characteristics and surgical outcomes of symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with abnormal papillary muscle morphology undergoing papillary muscle reorientation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(2):317–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.10.045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Schaff HV, Brown ML, Dearani JA, Abel MD, Ommen SR, Sorajja P, et al. Apical myectomy: a new surgical technique for management of severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(3):634–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.07.079.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Boll G, Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Wang W, Rastegar H, Maron MS. Efficacy of combined Cox-Maze IV and ventricular septal myectomy for treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(1):120–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. McLeod CJ, Ommen SR, Ackerman MJ, Weivoda PL, Shen WK, Dearani JA, et al. Surgical septal myectomy decreases the risk for appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(21):2583–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ommen SR, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS, Cecchi F, Betocchi S, et al. Long-term effects of surgical septal myectomy on survival in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(3):470–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Maron BJ, Dearani JA, Ommen SR, Maron MS, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, et al. Low operative mortality achieved with surgical septal myectomy: role of dedicated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centers in the management of dynamic subaortic obstruction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(11):1307–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sigwart U. Non-surgical myocardial reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1995;346:211–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Veselka J, Krejčí J, Tomašov P, Zemánek D. Long-term survival after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a comparison with general population. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(30):2040–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Holmes DR, Dearani JA, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ, et al. Survival after alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2012;126(20):2374–80. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Liebregts M, Vriesendorp PA, Mahmoodi BK, Schinkel AF, Michels M, ten Berg JM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes after septal reduction therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(11):896–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2015.06.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Agarwal S, Tuzcu EM, Desai MY, Smedira N, Lever HM, Lytle BW, et al. Updated meta-analysis of septal alcohol ablation versus myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(8):823–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cho YH, Deo SV, Topilsky Y, Grogan MA, Park SJ. Left ventricular assist device implantation in a patient who had previously undergone apical myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg. 2012;27(2):266–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2012.01425.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wynne E, Bergin JD, Ailawadi G, Kern JA, Kennedy JL. Use of a left ventricular assist device in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg. 2011;26(6):663–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01331.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Muthiah K, Phan J, Robson D, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Kotlyar E, et al. Centrifugal continuous-flow left ventricular assist device in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case series. ASAIO J. 2013;59(2):183–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0b013e318286018d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Topilsky Y, Pereira NL, Shah DK, Boilson B, Schirger JA, Kushwaha SS, et al. Left ventricular assist device therapy in patients with restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(3):266–75. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.959288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Maron MS, Kalsmith BM, Udelson JE, Li W, DeNofrio D. Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(5):574–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.922872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kato TS, Takayama H, Yoshizawa S, Marboe C, Schulze PC, Farr M, et al. Cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(4):568–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Coutu M, Perrault LP, White M, Pelletier GB, Racine N, Poirier NC, et al. Cardiac transplantation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a valid therapeutic option. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23(4):413–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(03)00225-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Abt P, Kiernan MS, Vest A, Costantino F, et al. Impact of advanced therapies for improving survival to heart transplant in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2018;121(8):986–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.12.044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Biagini E, Spirito P, Leone O, Picchio FM, Coccolo F, Ragni L, et al. Heart transplantation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(3):387–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1643–455. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    James Kogut & Eric D. Popjes

Authors
  1. James Kogut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eric D. Popjes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric D. Popjes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Heart Failure

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kogut, J., Popjes, E.D. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 2020. Curr Cardiol Rep 22, 154 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01381-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01381-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation