Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are fundamental in the atmospheric reactions, producing tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). We evaluated the hydrocarbons (HCs) near a petrochemical and industrial complex (PIC) in the metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP). Air samples were hourly collected in two different sites during different days, 2016–2017. The most abundant compounds were toluene (1.5 ± 1.1 ppbv), cis-2-hexene (1.4 ± 1.9 ppbv), benzene (0.55 ± 0.66 ppbv), and m+p-xylene (0.58 ± 0.3 ppbv). HC concentrations observed at the BTP site (industrial) were approximately two times higher than those at the UFABC site (traffic). The aromatics presented the highest contribution at BTP (58%) and UFABC (56%). In addition, our comparison with other industrial areas worldwide showed a good agreement in the HC profile with Japan and the USA, suggesting the presence of similar emission sources. BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p- and o-xylenes) correlations and ratios showed that despite vehicular emissions were the main sources of these compounds around PIC, there is the influence from industrial sources among others. Finally, to evaluate the potential impacts associated to PIC emissions, the formation of secondary pollutants was analyzed. Aromatic compounds represented ~98% and ~68% of the total SOA and O3 formation estimation, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene was 5.75 × 10−6 and 4.25 × 10−6 for BTP and UFABC, respectively, which exceeds the US EPA recommendation (<1 × 10−6) and could negatively affect the populations health in this region
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (Research Grant no. 2008/57717-6, Instituto Nacional de Analise Integrada do Risco Ambiental, INAIRA) and graduate program in Meteorology, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo (IAG/USP).
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AF and CB conceived, designed, and supervised the experiments. MSC, CB, TN, TCS, and CVBSO conducted the field campaigns and performed instrumental analysis. MSC conducted the analysis of the data and wrote the paper. PAD and AF assisted on the data interpretation, conceptualization, editing, and review of the manuscript drafts. All the co-authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
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Highlights
• Industrial emissions are an additional source of HCs for an impacted traffic area like the MASP.
• Ratios and correlations provided information about local emissions sources.
• Industrial site presented higher secondary pollutants formation potential.
• Lifetime cancer risk was six times higher than the EPA recommendations.
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Coelho, M.S., Dominutti, P.A., Boian, C. et al. Non-methane hydrocarbons in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil. Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 967–984 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-00992-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-00992-1