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Air pollution and health: bridging the gap from sources to health outcomes: conference summary

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Abstract

“Air Pollution and Health: Bridging the Gap from Sources to Health Outcomes,” an international specialty conference sponsored by the American Association for Aerosol Research, was held to address key uncertainties in our understanding of adverse health effects related to air pollution and to integrate and disseminate results from recent scientific studies that cut across a range of air pollution-related disciplines. The Conference addressed the science of air pollution and health within a multipollutant framework (herein “multipollutant” refers to gases and particulate matter mass, components, and physical properties), focusing on five key science areas: sources, atmospheric sciences, exposure, dose, and health effects. Eight key policy-relevant science questions integrated across various parts of the five science areas and a ninth question regarding findings that provide policy-relevant insights served as the framework for the meeting. Results synthesized from this Conference provide new evidence, reaffirm past findings, and offer guidance for future research efforts that will continue to incrementally advance the science required for reducing uncertainties in linking sources, air pollutants, human exposure, and health effects. This paper summarizes the Conference findings organized around the science questions.

A number of key points emerged from the Conference findings. First, there is a need for greater focus on multipollutant science and management approaches that include more direct studies of the mixture of pollutants from sources with an emphasis on health studies at ambient concentrations. Further, a number of research groups reaffirmed a need for better understanding of biological mechanisms and apparent associations of various health effects with components of particulate matter (PM), such as elemental carbon, certain organic species, ultrafine particles, and certain trace elements such as Ni, V, and Fe(II), as well as some gaseous pollutants. Although much debate continues in this area, generation of reactive oxygen species induced by these and other species present in air pollution and the resulting oxidative stress and inflammation were reiterated as key pathways leading to respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The Conference also underscored significant advances in understanding the susceptibility of populations, including the role of genetics and epigenetics and the influence of socioeconomic and other confounding factors and their synergistic interactions with air pollutants. Participants also pointed out that short- and long-term intervention episodes that reduce pollution from sources and improve air quality continue to indicate that when pollution decreases so do reported adverse health effects. In the limited number of cases where specific sources or PM2.5 species were included in investigations, specific species are often associated with the decrease in effects. Other recent advances for improved exposure estimates for epidemiological studies included using new technologies such as microsensors combined with cell phone and integrated into real-time communications, hybrid air quality modeling such as combined receptor- and emission-based models, and surface observations used with remote sensing such as satellite data.

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Notes

  1. American Association for Aerosol Research International Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA, March 22–26, 2010.

  2. US EPA uses the word “nominal” to encompass the collection efficiency curve’s cut point and slope with regard to regulatory particle size distributions (PM10, PM2.5, and PMc) in an effort to prevent misinterpretation of the curve as a step function. All uses of size distribution throughout this document, as referenced above, should be considered as “nominal,” i.e., not being a step function, whether in reference to a regulatory size range or not.

  3. US EPA’s convention for particles in the coarse particle range is PM10–2.5, but PMc is used throughout as shorthand.

  4. BC is an optical measurement of dark particles in air similar to, but not the same as, elemental carbon, a measurement obtained by thermal analysis. See Fehsenfeld et al. (2004) for clarification.

  5. See special issues by Solomon and Hopke (2008a, b).

Abbreviations

AAAR:

American Association for Aerosol Research

ACS:

American Cancer Society

AD:

Aerodynamic diameter

AER:

Air exchange rate

AERMOD:

American Meteorological Society/EPA Regulatory Model

AOD:

Aerosol optical depth

BAD:

Brachial artery diameter

BALF:

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

BC:

Black carbon

CAPs:

Concentrated ambient particles

CMAQ:

Community Multiscale Air Quality model

CMB:

Chemical mass balance

COD:

Coefficient of determination

CRF:

Concentration–response function

CS:

Central site

CV:

Cardiovascular

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EBC:

Exhaled breath condensate

EC:

Elemental carbon

ED:

Emergency department

ETC:

Electron transport chain

FeNO :

Fractional exhaled NO

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

HAP:

Hazardous air pollutant

HEI:

Health Effects Institute

HRV:

Heart rate variability

ICRP:

International Commission on Radiological Protection

iF:

Intake fraction

ISA:

Integrated Science Assessment

LEZ:

Low emission zone

LUR:

Land-use regression

MICA:

Mechanistic Indicators of Childhood Asthma

NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NO x :

Nitrogen oxides

NRC:

National Research Council

OC:

Organic carbon

ORD:

Office of Research and Development

OVA:

Ovalbumin

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PM:

Particulate matter

PM0.1 :

Ultrafine particles usually considered less than 0.1 μm AD; also referred to as UF

PM10 :

Particles in the size range equal to or less than a nominal 10-μm AD

PM2.5 :

Fine particles in the size range less than a nominal 2.5-μm AD; also referred to as PMf

PMc:

Coarse particles in the size range between a nominal 2.5-μm and a nominal 10-μm AD

PMf:

Fine particles in the size range less than a nominal 2.5-μm AD; also referred to as PM2.5

PMF:

Positive matrix factorization

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil

POA:

Primary organic aerosol

RH:

Relative humidity

ROFA:

Residual oil fly ash

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SADI:

Surface area deposition index

SES:

Socioeconomic status

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SOA:

Secondary organic aerosol

SQ:

Science question

SRM:

Standard Reference Material

T :

Temperature

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric reactive substance

TOA:

Thermal–optical analysis

UF:

Ultrafine particles usually considered less than 0.1 μm AD; also referred to as PM0.1

USC:

University of Southern California

UV:

Ultraviolet

WSOC:

Water-soluble organic carbon

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Acknowledgments

The 2010 Air Pollution and Health Conference, sponsored by the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), would not have been possible without the generous support of a number of organizations as given at the Conference website (http://aaar.2010specialty.org). AAAR members along with AAAR staff also were pivotal in making the Conference a huge success. Special thanks are given to Dr. Maria Costantini, Conference co-chair, and others on the Conference committees listed at http://aaar.2010specialty.org/. Much appreciated are reviews of the manuscript by Dr. Jonathan M. Samet of the University of Southern California. Authors on this paper volunteered their time to produce this informative summary of the Conference to help ensure dissemination of the findings to those who could not attend. The US Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development managed the development of this journal article. It has been subjected to the Agency’s administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Paul A. Solomon

  2. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Maria Costantini

  3. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA

    Thomas J. Grahame

  4. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands

    Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland & Flemming R. Cassee

  5. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Armistead G. Russell

  6. Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Jeffrey R. Brook

  7. Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA

    Philip K. Hopke

  8. Envair/Aerochem, Placitas, NM, USA

    George Hidy

  9. University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Robert F. Phalen

  10. University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo, Brazil

    Paulo Saldiva

  11. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat

  12. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    John R. Balmes

  13. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Ira B. Tager

  14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Halûk Özkaynak & Daniel L. Costa

  15. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Sverre Vedal

  16. Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association, Towson, MD, USA

    Susan S. G. Wierman

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  1. Paul A. Solomon
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Correspondence to Paul A. Solomon.

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Solomon, P.A., Costantini, M., Grahame, T.J. et al. Air pollution and health: bridging the gap from sources to health outcomes: conference summary. Air Qual Atmos Health 5, 9–62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0161-4

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