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A SAM Approach for the Analysis of Small-Scale Forestry-Based Activities: a Case Study of a Landowner Cooperative for Non-wooded Products from Pinus pinea L. in Southern Spain

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Abstract

Recent studies have highlighted the substantial economic value of non-wood products obtained from Mediterranean forests. Despite their relevance to forest management, few studies have analysed the economic impacts of such agroforestry activities and their contribution to the economic development in those areas where they are found. In this paper, we estimate the economic impacts of a small-scale pine nut cooperative that has emerged close to stone pine Pinus pinea L. stands in southern Spain. To conduct this analysis, we employ a social accounting matrix linear model and primary data from one of the largest pine nut producing areas in the region. The results obtained show a small but positive contribution to province’s production, 0.0013%, gross domestic product, 0.0014%, and employment levels, 0.0017%, due to its own activity but also to its linkages with the remaining production sectors. This injection of income, albeit small at the provincial level, is critical to population in rural and financially deprived mountain areas.

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Notes

  1. Council resolution of 15 December 1998 on a forestry strategy for the European Union.

  2. According to Consejeria de Medio Ambiente (2013), 58% of Andalusian stone pine forests belong to private owners and the remainder belong to publics owners.

  3. The agri-food industry is dominated by olive oil, followed by citrus, cereals and wine.

  4. The collective bargaining agreement for agricultural sector in the province of Cordoba (Official Gazette of the province of Cordoba, number 15, 27th of January, 2010).

  5. The monetary values considered in the model are the cost incurred by COFOREST for obtaining the production of pine nut inshell in 2010–2011 season, since the SAMs is valued at purchase prices. It should be noted that monetary values in Table 4 are measured in 2011 prices and SAMCOR is expressed in 2010 prices. So, to perform the impact analysis, the values in the table were deflated by using the annual CPI for Andalusia (2.1%) according to IECA (2018d). Then, the results of the impact analysis were updated to 2011 prices by the corresponding CPI and presented in Table 5

  6. They do not include any reward to landowners due to self-employed labour. The cost of self-employed labour has been considering in estimating the cost of harvesting.

  7. A total of 33.1 million Euros of pine nuts were imported in 2011, 83% of which came from Portugal, and 39 million Euros were exported, 87% of which to the European Union (ICEX 2018).

  8. According to COFOREST and considering all the members of the landowner cooperative across Andalusia, the evolution of the pine cone harvested from 2010 to 11 season till now was 1002 tons in 2010–11; 990 t (11–12); 44 t (2012–13); 1,341 t (2013–14); 572 t (2014–15); 73 t (2015–16); 146 t (2016–17); 793 t (2017–18); 765 (2018–19); and 749 t (2019–20).

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank COFOREST for providing the data used in this paper. COFOREST is an Andalusian landowner cooperative located in the province of Cordoba that produces in-shell pine nuts, biomass, seeds, cork and almonds. Support from research group PAIDI SEJ-511 is gratefully acknowledged by the first and second authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704, Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain

    Pilar Campoy-Muñoz, M. Alejandro Cardenete & Pedro P. Pérez-Hernández

  2. Department of Financial Economics and Accounting, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704, Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain

    Jose M. Martín-Lozano

  3. COFOREST, Andalusian cooperative, 14300, Villaviciosa de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

    Javier Martínez-Rueda

Authors
  1. Pilar Campoy-Muñoz
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  2. M. Alejandro Cardenete
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  3. Pedro P. Pérez-Hernández
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  4. Jose M. Martín-Lozano
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  5. Javier Martínez-Rueda
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Contributions

M.A. Cardenete and P.P. Pérez-Hernández conceived the idea. P.P. Pérez-Hernández, J.M. Martín-Lozano and J. Martínez Rueda collected the data. P. Campoy-Muñoz conceived of and carried out the simulations. P. Campoy-Muñoz and P.P. Pérez- Hernández contributed to the interpretation of the results. P. Campoy-Muñoz wrote the manuscript with input from P.P. Pérez- Hernández. M.A. Cardenete and P.P. Pérez-Hernández provided critical feedback on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pilar Campoy-Muñoz.

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Appendix A. Social Accounting Matrix of Cordoba in 2010

Appendix A. Social Accounting Matrix of Cordoba in 2010

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

51,042

0

412,056

51,846

306

18,052

0

32

34

4553

27

38,546

2

15

1926

167

21

0

914,212

159,301

71

27,305

82

0

79

3

80,159

0

413,956

4963

29

1873

2275

242

0

2061

166

334,050

4

62

0

18,785

5171

0

2

0

11

0

159

12

9747

5

14

0

122

0

31

2

0

4

0

11

12

56

6

100,767

21,651

83,171

16,827

99

1,262,065

25,404

55,623

674,588

170,293

133,551

49,908

7

13,662

4135

26,717

2906

17

89,391

124,077

10,079

32,567

92,343

23,068

37,448

8

24,657

116

4147

1069

6

94,472

708

29,084

11,722

9150

4252

10,268

9

3892

1071

9056

273

2

17,118

11,259

2837

977,854

25,160

9993

13,953

10

38,152

1548

47,542

2217

13

85,318

10,159

8367

56,192

88,448

54,141

90,688

11

14,381

9815

49,473

6041

36

136,460

13,665

5146

39,996

223,047

322,910

11,782

12

517

196

1066

228

1

6174

2964

866

6562

8221

3462

3458

13

3293

1299

6852

594

4

16,492

9056

4262

24,152

49,624

14,347

20,651

14

16,168

892

13,677

915

5

40,675

8552

3011

46,276

55,347

18,688

33,503

15

1198

1046

7167

712

4

22,206

4131

2224

30,071

117,648

16,970

70,945

16

4059

1428

37,807

2853

17

65,030

25,182

9465

105,070

129,760

24,022

31,177

17

3548

4003

18,512

960

6

45,370

27,875

8676

47,875

88,164

36,701

30,485

18

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

19

346

92

1252

137

1

5311

2118

561

908

1618

326

374

20

673

62

570

94

1

1286

1264

436

617

10,660

528

4023

21

27

12

24

2

0

1535

6

181

68

1161

69

2121

22

584

233

2631

540

3

5193

976

874

2450

4299

2807

4602

23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

24

146,766

12,482

119,630

10,707

63

378,067

29,077

86,923

479,438

706,877

231,010

298,472

25

595,740

20,359

101,120

16,069

95

280,205

218,807

56,088

656,638

614,819

177,285

547,741

26

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

27

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

28

40,148

3171

30,467

2797

17

98,119

7025

25,891

129,456

181,540

57,333

78,182

29

− 156,174

2584

− 11,626

29

0

72,487

9792

3232

31,475

55,641

31,600

6578

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

31

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

32

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

33

258,676

1,070,144

740,154

25,734

152

3,378,684

120,669

77,157

0

0

260,924

0

 

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1

0

6

0

984

599

929

383

1664

128

163

0

0

2

0

6

0

3

4

0

0

0

84

0

0

0

3

32

15

0

750

31

3686

2411

8495

3796

239

0

0

4

0

0

0

8

3

346

151

353

208

3

0

0

5

0

0

0

8

3

14

10

14

5

3

0

0

6

64,617

11,019

9,198

61,898

55,321

31,309

22,839

140,868

22,553

34,246

0

0

7

10,321

5995

3756

13,883

8797

21,320

7313

14,746

5950

6,325

0

0

8

1010

1147

1411

2889

1006

2678

1596

4538

2362

1441

0

0

9

5194

7108

117,549

10,452

4263

14,567

8216

8778

7314

2131

0

0

10

7288

4120

2494

16,724

17,926

11,647

9102

42,169

7668

9107

0

0

11

13,926

8181

1317

17,885

23,245

19,994

5971

8743

6863

4966

0

0

12

4281

6514

243

6820

28,737

9107

5281

9478

4444

14,605

0

0

13

134,349

22,346

7696

52,693

15,999

38,909

15,519

17,970

12,163

13,770

0

0

14

5400

148,562

140,069

10,833

9629

16,894

2788

7509

7244

6,974

0

0

15

9184

24,261

10,884

27,920

15,750

19,192

11,290

15,653

12,411

9966

0

0

16

34,178

36,880

28,057

164,241

15,527

31,037

13,933

19,598

20,448

15,715

0

0

17

17,772

20,095

15,995

32,720

55,923

53,936

18,267

39,619

18,965

9749

0

0

18

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

19

1669

559

134

4614

1610

8077

4140

3366

768

532

0

0

20

3723

216

425

2054

88

3125

1860

80,177

1211

3355

0

0

21

4923

850

20

2391

2208

5748

723

1096

66,820

778

0

0

22

1745

2963

131

3477

2276

1909

1898

7493

3874

9045

0

0

23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

24

104,395

199,439

41,841

241,579

210,879

644,202

591,419

608,361

112,027

78,873

128,641

0

25

179,897

218,701

1,554,203

271,977

108,565

191,818

121,337

178,332

85,710

87,637

0

0

26

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5,461,168

27

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

28

26,884

65,999

8878

61,803

58,634

195,583

155,993

139,682

26,463

19,848

14,855

0

29

17,463

29,210

104,614

14,093

1498

29,692

14,873

25,232

9884

2,734

0

0

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

31

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

32

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

33

285,603

110,845

0

241,765

113,918

0

0

0

12,034

43,158

0

0

 

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

1

0

159,104

41,666

0

0

0

0

0

460,252

2

0

722

1,517

0

0

0

0

0

52,751

3

0

666,159

29,831

0

0

0

0

0

579,275

4

0

46,682

− 616

0

0

0

0

0

72,618

5

0

217

− 4

0

0

0

0

0

386

6

0

1,209,630

406,062

0

0

0

0

141,280

2,231,013

7

0

240,507

0

0

0

0

0

0

19,022

8

0

112,013

386

0

0

0

0

43,125

26,093

9

0

78,394

2,043,154

0

0

0

0

1728

0

10

0

1,565,239

95,951

0

0

0

0

87,396

281,068

11

0

222,860

4859

0

0

0

0

31,050

221,594

12

0

1,598,885

0

0

0

0

0

6,728

0

13

0

314,251

89,729

0

0

0

0

23,576

24,258

14

0

306,681

0

0

0

0

0

0

24,745

15

0

1,612,091

4947

0

0

0

0

766

278

16

0

38,339

289,178

0

0

0

0

58,716

62,749

17

0

131,599

0

0

0

0

0

11,972

13,649

18

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,355,720

0

19

0

156,091

0

0

0

0

0

822,708

0

20

0

288,531

0

0

0

0

0

978,952

0

21

0

258,243

3032

0

0

0

0

88,025

11,334

22

0

242,877

0

0

0

0

0

72,479

0

23

0

143,496

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

24

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

25

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

26

6,283,145

0

0

0

0

0

0

2,792,960

797,619

27

0

4,730,026

0

0

0

0

0

− 3,581,246

1,860,913

28

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

29

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

0

913,184

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

31

0

299,071

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

32

0

0

0

1,428,767

294,914

913,184

299,071

0

0

33

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Account #

Account description

1

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

2

Mining and quarrying

3

Agri-food manufacturing (without nuts)

4

Nut manufacturing (other than pine nuts)

5

Pine nut manufacturing

6

Non-food manufacturing

7

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

8

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

9

Construction

10

Wholesale and retail trade

11

Transportation and storage

12

Accommodation and food service activities

13

Information and communication

14

Financial and insurance activities

15

Real estate activities

16

Professional, scientific and technical activities

17

Administrative and support service activities

18

Public administration and defence

19

Education

20

Human health and social work activities

21

Arts, entertainment and recreation

22

Other service activities

23

Activities of households as employer

24

Labour

25

Capital

26

Households

27

Saving/Investment

28

Employers' Social Security contributions

29

Indirect taxes

30

Direct taxes

31

Employees' Social Security contributions

32

Government

33

Foreign sector

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Campoy-Muñoz, P., Cardenete, M.A., Pérez-Hernández, P.P. et al. A SAM Approach for the Analysis of Small-Scale Forestry-Based Activities: a Case Study of a Landowner Cooperative for Non-wooded Products from Pinus pinea L. in Southern Spain. Small-scale Forestry 21, 249–273 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-021-09497-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-021-09497-2

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