Abstract
This study evaluates the high-temperature stability of soft magnetic materials under expected Venusian surface conditions to inform relevant lander designs. Soft magnetic materials enable motors, actuators, and passive components in the power conversion system. We investigate two common bulk crystalline alloys, Fe81Cr19 and Fe49Co49V2, as well as a metallic glass, Co72Fe4Mn4Nb4Si2B14. Pertinent atmospheric conditions were simulated using the NASA Glenn Extreme Environment Rig (GEER). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed on exposed samples leading to further understanding of the corrosion behavior of Fe- and Co-based materials in a simulated Venusian atmosphere. Both oxidation and sulfidation are induced in all three materials. The amorphous structure of Co72Fe4Mn4Nb4Si2B14 and, potentially, the formation of B and Si-based protective layers, yield improved corrosion resistance relative to Fe49Co49V2.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Kremic, R. Ghail, M. Gilmore, G. Hunter, W. Kiefer, S. Limaye, M. Pauken, C. Tolbert, and C. Wilson, Planet. Space Sci. 190, 104961 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104961 (2020).
S.J. Mackwell, A.A. Simon-Miller, J.W. Harder and M.A. Bullock, Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets, (University of Arizona Press, 2014).
G. Genta, Terraforming Mars, (2021), pp 1-22.
T. Kremic, D. Vento, N. Lalli and T. Palinski, In 2014 IEEE Aerospace Conference, (2014), pp 1-9.
G.C.C. Costa, N.S. Jacobson, D. Lukco, G.W. Hunter, L. Nakley, B.G. Radoman-Shaw, and R.P. Harvey, Corros. Sci. 132, 260 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.01.002 (2018).
D. Lukco, D.J. Spry, R.P. Harvey, G.C.C. Costa, R.S. Okojie, A. Avishai, L.M. Nakley, P.G. Neudeck, and G.W. Hunter, Earth Space Sci. 5, 270–284 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017ea000355 (2018).
D. Lukco, D.J. Spry, P.G. Neudeck, L.M. Nakley, K.G. Phillips, R.S. Okojie, and G.W. Hunter, J. Spacecr. Rocket. 57, 1118–1128 https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A34617 (2020).
T. Furukawa, Y. Inagaki, and M. Aritomi, J. Power Energy Syst. 4, 252–261 https://doi.org/10.1299/jpes.4.252 (2010).
K.A. Habib, M.S. Damra, J.J. Saura, I. Cervera, and J. Bellés, Int. J. Corros. 2011, 1–10 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/824676 (2011).
C. Sun, J. Sun, Y. Wang, X. Lin, X. Li, X. Cheng, and H. Liu, Corros. Sci. 107, 193–203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.032 (2016).
K.K. Aye, T.D. Nguyen, J. Zhang, and D.J. Young, Corros. Sci. 179, 109096 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109096 (2021).
R.M. Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, (Wiley, 1978).
A. Leary, V. Keylin, A. Devaraj, V. DeGeorge, P. Ohodnicki, and M.E. McHenry, J. Mater. Res. 31, 3089–3107 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.324 (2016).
D.L. Cocke, G. Liang, M. Owens, D.E. Halverson, and D.G. Naugle, Mater. Sci. Eng. 99, 497–500 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(88)90384-9 (1988).
B. Pujilaksono, T. Jonsson, H. Heidari, M. Halvarsson, J.E. Svensson, and L.G. Johansson, Oxid. Met. 75, 183–207 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-010-9229-z (2011).
A. Talaat, D.W. Greve, S. Tan, T. Paplham, K. Byerly, M.E. McHenry, and P.R. Ohodnicki Jr., Adv. Eng. Mater. 24, 2200208 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200208 (2022).
E.A. Theisen and S.J. Weinstein, J. Coat. Technol. Res. 19, 49–60 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00503-y (2022).
P. Ohodnicki, E.J. Kautz, A. Devaraj, Y. Yu, N. Aronhime, Y. Krimer, M.E. McHenry, and A. Leary, J. Mater. Res. 36, 105–113 https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-020-00066-5 (2021).
M. Naka, K. Hashimoto, and T. Masumoto, J. Non Crystall. Solids 30, 29–36 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(78)90053-4 (1978).
A.L. Cabrera and M.B. Maple, Oxid. Met. 32, 207–224 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00664799 (1989).
Y. Gong, D.J. Young, P. Kontis, Y.L. Chiu, H. Larsson, A. Shin, J.M. Pearson, M.P. Moody, and R.C. Reed, Acta Materialia 130, 361–374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.034 (2017).
X. Cheng, Z. Jiang, B.J. Monaghan, D. Wei, R.J. Longbottom, J. Zhao, J. Peng, M. Luo, L. Ma, S. Luo, and L. Jiang, Corros. Sci. 108, 11–22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.042 (2016).
C. Wagner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 99, 369 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2779605 (1952).
T. Jonsson, B. Pujilaksono, S. Hallström, J. Ågren, J.E. Svensson, L.G. Johansson, and M. Halvarsson, Corros. Sci. 51, 1914–1924 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.05.016 (2009).
J. Ju, Z. Shen, M. Kang, J. Zhang, and J. Wang, Corros. Sci. 199, 110203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110203 (2022).
C. Yu, T.D. Nguyen, J. Zhang, and D.J. Young, Corros. Sci. 98, 516–529 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.05.040 (2015).
Z. Lv, H. Fu, J. Xing, Z. Huang, S. Ma, and Y. Hu, Corros. Sci. 108, 185–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.03.002 (2016).
K.T. Jacob and C.B. Alcock, Metall. Trans. B 6, 215–221 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02913562 (1975).
C. Kaplin and M. Brochu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 4221–4227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.026 (2011).
Y. Behnamian, A. Mostafaei, A. Kohandehghan, B. Zahiri, W. Zheng, D. Guzonas, M. Chmielus, W. Chen, and J.L. Luo, J. Supercrit. Fluids 127, 191–199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.022 (2017).
L. Zheng, M. Zhang, R. Chellali, and J. Dong, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 9762–9767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.005 (2011).
A. Zahs, M. Spiegel, and H. Grabke, Mater. Corros. 50, 561–578 (1999).
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding through the NASA HOTTech program under Grant #80NSSC22K0415.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Noebe, R.D., Leary, A. et al. Corrosion Behavior of Fe81Cr19, Fe49Co49V2, and Co72Fe4Mn4Nb4Si2B14 Alloys in Simulated Venusian Environment. JOM 75, 5430–5438 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06147-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06147-0