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Bi Dispersion Hardening in Sn-Bi Alloys by Solid-State Aging

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Abstract

In this study, Bi was added to pure Sn to improve its strength and thermal properties. The presence of 2.5 and 5 wt.% Bi in the Sn matrix lowered the melting point of Sn from 232°C to 229°C and 225°C, respectively. The hardness was improved by increasing the Bi content; 2.5 wt.% Bi caused solid-solution hardening, whereas 5 wt.% Bi caused solid-solution, fine-grain, and Bi precipitation hardening. Sn with 5 wt.% Bi was reinforced by aging, which was attributed to dispersion hardening by Bi redistribution in the Sn matrix, and possessed good wettability on Cu. This study demonstrated that Sn with 5 wt.% Bi with good wettability has a good melting point, excellent hardness, and aging enhancement compared to pure Sn. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insights into the hardening of Sn-Bi alloys.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Yu-An Shen expresses gratitude to the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan for their support under Project NSTC 111-2221-E-035-054. The author also acknowledges the support from the Ultra HR SEM at the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Instrument Resource Center (EM002800) under Project MOST 111-2731-M-A49-001, the EPMA (EPMA000100) of The Center for High-Value Instrumentation at National Sun Yat-sen University under Project NSTC112-2740-M-110-002, and the Precision Instrument Support Center and all administration teams of Feng Chia University. The simulations presented in this paper were performed using Pandat software and released databases, and the authors express their gratitude to CompuTherm for providing the simulation tools. YA Shen also thanks the undergraduate students of his affiliation for laying out a few preliminary research directions for this study.

Funding

National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan, NSTC (111-2221-E−035-054), Yu-An Shen, Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan, MOST (109-2222-E−035-008-MY2), Yu-An Shen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

    Yu-An Shen

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YAS—Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, investigation, data curation, validation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Yu-An Shen.

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Shen, YA. Bi Dispersion Hardening in Sn-Bi Alloys by Solid-State Aging. JOM 75, 4922–4930 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06079-9

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