Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Once it metastasizes from its origin into other tissues, there is no surgical removal option as a treatment. The only way to improve the cure rate is through early diagnosis. Many machine learning (ML) algorithms have been proposed for early skin cancer classification and segmentation. Each algorithm performs well in certain situations; therefore, the selection of ML algorithm is the key to better accuracy. This article surveys many research studies that used ML algorithms (i.e., supervised and unsupervised skin cancer malignancy classification and segmentation). We present some objectives and limitations of the surveyed papers. We also provide future directions for better skin cancer malignancy detection with high accuracy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T.L. Diepgen and V. Mahler, Br. J. Dermatol. 146, 1 (2002).
H. Sung, J. Ferlay, R.L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, and F. Bray, CA Cancer J. Clin. 71(3), 209 (2021).
S.M. Gapstur, J.M. Drope, E.J. Jacobs, L.R. Teras, M.L. McCullough, C.E. Douglas, A.V. Patel, R.C. Wender, and O.W. Brawley, CA Cancer J. Clin. 68(6), 446 (2018).
L. Ballerini, R.B. Fisher, B. Aldridge, and J. Rees, Color Medical Image Analysis (Springer, 2013), pp63–86.
A.F. Jerant, J.T. Johnson, C.D. Sheridan, and T.J. Caffrey, Am. Fam. Phys. 62(2), 357 (2000).
C.K. Bichakjian, A.C. Halpern, T.M. Johnson, A.F. Hood, J.M. Grichnik, S.M. Swetter, H. Tsao, V.H. Barbosa, T.-Y. Chuang, and M.J. Duvic, JAAD 65(5), 1032 (2011).
C. Barata, M.E. Celebi, and J.S. Marques, IEEE JBHI 23(3), 1096 (2018).
R. Erol, Skin cancer malignancy classification with transfer learning. University of Central Arkansas (2018).
Z. Xu, F.R. Sheykhahmad, N. Ghadimi, and N.J. Razmjooy, Open Med. 15(1), 860 (2020).
R.D. Seeja and A. Suresh, Asian Pac. J Cancer Prev. 20(5), 1555 (2019).
P. Rubegni, G. Cevenini, M. Burroni, R. Perotti, G. Dell’Eva, P. Sbano, C. Miracco, P. Luzi, P. Tosi, and P.J. Barbini, Int. J. Cancer 101(6), 576 (2002).
H. Pehamberger, A. Steiner, and K.J. Wolff, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 17(4), 571 (1987).
F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A.B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G.J. Plewig, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30(4), 551 (1994).
N.R. Abbasi, H.M. Shaw, D.S. Rigel, R.J. Friedman, W.H. McCarthy, I. Osman, A.W. Kopf, and D.J. Polsky, JAMA 292(22), 2771 (2004).
A. Steiner, H. Pehamberger, and K. Wolff, Anticancer Res. 7(3), 433 (1987).
J.K. Robinson, and R. Turrisi, Arch. Dermatol. 142(4), 447 (2006).
R.H. Johr, Clin. Dermatol. 20(3), 240 (2002).
M.H. Jafari, S. Samavi, N. Karimi, S.M.R. Soroushmehr, K. Ward, and K. Najarian, in EMBC (IEEE, 2016), p. 1357.
A.R. Lopez, X. Giro-i-Nieto, J. Burdick, and O. Marques, in IASTED (BioMed) (IEEE, 2017), p. 49.
M.A. Albahar, IEEE Access 7, 38306 (2019).
R. Javed, M.S.M. Rahim, T. Saba, and A. Rehman, NetMAHIB 9(1), 1 (2020).
O.O. Olugbara, T.B. Taiwo, and D. Heukelman, Math. Probl. Eng. 2018, 1 (2018).
P.M. Pereira, R. Fonseca-Pinto, R.P. Paiva, P.A. Assuncao, L.M. Tavora, L.A. Thomaz, and S.M. Faria, Biomed. Signal Process. Control 59, 1019 (2020).
K.M. Hosny, M.A. Kassem, and M.M. Foaud, PLoS ONE 14(5), 217 (2019).
K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014).
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2016), pp. 770–778.
C. Szegedy, V. Vanhoucke, S. Ioffe, J. Shlens, and Z. Wojna, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, (2016) pp. 2818–2826.
K.C. Madison, J. Investig. Dermatol. 121(2), 231 (2003).
E. Proksch, J.M. Brandner, and J.M.J.E.D. Jensen, Exp. Dermatol. 17(12), 1063 (2008).
N. di Meo, G. Stinco, S. Bonin, A. Gatti, S. Trevisini, G. Damiani, S. Vichi, and G. Trevisan, J. Dermatol. 43(6), 682 (2016).
J.-A. Almaraz-Damian, V. Ponomaryov, S. Sadovnychiy, and H.J. Castillejos-Fernandez, Entropy 22(4), 484 (2020).
M. Aboras, H. Amasha, and I. Ibraheem, Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 3, 29 (2015).
E. Albay and M. Kamaşak, IEEE Med. Tech. Nat. Conf. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIPTEKNO.2015.7374547 (2015).
U. Fidan, İ. Sarı, and R.K. Kumrular, in IEEE Medical Technolgies National Conference (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIPTEKNO.2016.7863095.
A. Baştürk, M.E. Yüksei, H. Badem, and A. Çalışkan, IEEE Signal Process. App. Conf. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2017.7960563 (2017).
S. Chan, V. Reddy, B. Myers, Q. Thibodeaux, N. Brownstone, and W. Liao, Dermatol. Ther. 10, 365 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00372-0 (2020).
M.A.M. Almeida, and I.A.X. Santos, J. Imaging 6, 51 https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6060051 (2020).
S.R. Safavian and D. Landgrebe, IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybern. 3, 660 (1991).
N.S. Altman, Am. Stat. 46, 175 (1992).
C. Hsu, C. Chang, and C. Lin, A practical guide to support vector classification. Department of Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan (2003).
R.J. Schalkoff, Pattern recognition, in Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse302
U. Aishwarya, I.J. Daniel, and R. Raghul, in International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (2020), p. 267.
N. Moradi and N.M. Amiri, Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 182, 105038 (2019).
M. Thoma, Analysis and optimization of convolutional neural network architectures. Master Thesis, University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association (2017).
I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, and A. Courville, Deep learning (MIT press, Cambridge, 2016).
T.J. Brinker, L. Kiehl, M. Schmitt, T.B. Jutzi, E.I. Krieghoff-Henning, D. Krahl, H. Kutzner, P. Gholam, S. Haferkamp, and J. Klode, Eur. J. Cancer 154, 227 (2021).
M.M. Mijwil, Multimed. Tools Appl. 80(17), 26255 (2021).
A. Gautam and B. Raman, IET Image Proc. 15(9), 1971–1986 (2021).
M. Coccia, Technol. Soc. 60, 101198 (2020).
A. Pushpalatha, P. Dharani, R. Dharini, and J. Gowsalya, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1916, 012148 (2021).
AMd. Dutta, K. Hasan, and M. Ahmad, Skin lesion classification using convolutional neural network for melanoma recognition, in Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Advances in Computational Intelligence: IJCACI 2020. (Springer, 2021), pp. 55–66.
M.A. Kassem, K.M. Hosny, and M.M. Fouad, IEEE Access 8, 114822 (2020).
F. Afza, M.A. Khan, M. Sharif, T. Saba, A. Rehman, and M. Y. Javed, in International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (2020).
P.V. AshaDeepika, B. Yamini, Ch. Pranusha, V. Thanikaiselvan, and R. Amirtharajan, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 29, 4526 (2020).
M.A. Khan, T. Akram, M. Sharif, K. Javed, M. Rashid, and S.A.C. Bukhari, Neur. Comp. App. 20, 15929 (2020).
F. Youssef, S. Abdelouahed, and A. Aarab, Stat. Optim. Inf. Comput. 7, 456 (2019).
N. Hameed, A.M. Shabut, and M.A. Hossain, in 12th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA) (2018).
M.S. Mabrouk, A.Y. Sayed, H.M. Afifi, M.A. Sheha, and A. Sharwy, J. Healthcare Inf. Res. 4, 151 (2020).
I.A. Ozkan and M. Koklu, Int. J. Intell. Syst. App. Eng. 5, 285 (2017).
S.M. Kumar, J.R. Kumar, and K. Gopalakrishnan, Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. 9, 3478 (2019).
C.R. Dhivyaa, K. Sangeetha, M. Balamurugan, S. Amaran, T. Vetriselvi, and P. Johnpaul, J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02675-8 (2020).
M.A. Wahba, A.S. Ashour, S.A. Napoleon, M.M.A. Elnaby, and Y. Guo, Heal. Inf. Sci. Sys. 5, 1 (2017).
Y. Filali, E.H. Khoukhi, M.A. Sabri, A. Yahyaouy, and A. Aarab, in International Conference on Wireless Technolgy Embedded Intelligent Systems (2019).
S. Kia, S. Setayeshi, M. Pouladian, and S.H. Ardehal, J. App. Clin. Med. Phy. 20, 153 (2019).
K. Greff, A. Rasmus, M. Berglund, T. Hao, H. Valpola, J. Schmidhuber, in Advnace Neural Information Processing Systems, 4484 (2016).
B. Möller, H. Chen, T. Schmidt, A. Zieschank, R. Patzak, M. Türke, A. Weigelt, and S. Posch, Plant Soil. 444, 519 (2019).
A.G. Okunev, M.Y. Mashukov, A.V. Nartova, and A.V. Matveev, Nanomaterials 10, 1285 (2020).
M.J. Khan, A. Yousaf, K. Khurshid, A. Abbas, and F. Shafait, in IAPR International Work Document Analysis System (2018), p. 393.
I.Z. Yalniz, H. Jégou, K. Chen, M. Paluri, and D. Mahajan. (2019). https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.00546
M. Parker, Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 40, 284 https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1548855 (2019).
S. Risi and M. Preuss, KI-Künstliche Intelligenz 34, 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00647-w (2020).
A.G.C. Pacheco and R.A. Krohling, Comput. Biol. Med. 116, 103545 (2020).
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
ul Huda, N., Amin, R., Gillani, S.I. et al. Skin Cancer Malignancy Classification and Segmentation Using Machine Learning Algorithms. JOM 75, 3121–3135 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05856-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05856-w