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Complementary Thermal Analysis Protocols for the Investigation of the Tempering Reactions of a Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel

  • Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automobiles
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Abstract

Austenite corresponds to a major constituent of carbide-free bainitic steels required to obtain enhanced deformability assisted by transformation-induced plasticity. It is, therefore, of foremost importance to retain sufficient amounts during processing and heat treatment. In order to analyze and describe the tempering reactions occurring during heating a material consisting of bainitic ferrite and C-enriched austenite, a complementary thermal analysis protocol has been applied using dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Thereby, kinetic parameters were determined and interpreted in the view of literature and supporting calculations. Austenite decomposition was observed using both methods in the temperature regime of about 500°C. The reaction’s signature was revealed by calculation of the transformation enthalpy. Dilatometry suggests that decomposition of highly C-enriched austenite predominates at lower temperatures and, on further heating, regions with lower C concentrations follow. Additionally, dilatometry revealed C redistribution in bainitic ferrite already occurring at temperatures between 230°C and 330°C.

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Abbreviations

a i, b θ, c θ :

Lattice constants (Å)

B i :

High-temperature limit of thermal expansion coefficient (K−1)

C :

Empirical constant

f i, f j :

Phase fraction (mass or molar) (m.%, mol.%)

H j :

Molar enthalpy (J/mol)

k 0 :

Preexponential factor of rate constant (s−1)

l 0 :

Original length (µm)

M s :

Martensite start temperature (°C)

n i :

Avrami exponent

n j :

Molar quantity (mol)

Q a i :

Actvation energy (kJ/mol)

R :

Ideal gas constant (JK−1/mol)

T :

Temperature (K, °C)

t :

Time (s)

T eq :

Equilibrium transformation temperature (°C)

T p i :

Peak temperature (°C)

w i :

Concentration (m.%)

α i :

Conversion degree

β :

Heating rate (°C/s)

∆l :

Change in length (µm)

θ D, i :

Debye temperature (K)

κ i :

Empirical constant (J/s)

σ :

Standard deviation

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support under the scope of the COMET program within the K2 Center “Integrated Computational Material, Process and Product Engineering (IC-MPPE)” (Project No 859480). This program is supported by the Austrian Federal Ministries for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and for Digital and Economic Affairs (BMDW), represented by the Austrian research funding association (FFG), and the federal states of Styria, Upper Austria and Tyrol.

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Author notes

  1. Phillip Haslberger

    Present address: voestalpine Forschungsservicegesellschaft Donawitz GmbH, Kerpelystraße 199, 8700, Leoben, Austria

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria

    Thomas Klein, Marina Lukas, Bernhard Friessnegger & Gerald Ressel

  2. Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria

    Phillip Haslberger

  3. voestalpine Wire Rod Austria GmbH, Drahtstraße 1, 8792, St. Peter Freienstein, Austria

    Matthew Galler

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  1. Thomas Klein
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Correspondence to Thomas Klein.

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Klein, T., Lukas, M., Haslberger, P. et al. Complementary Thermal Analysis Protocols for the Investigation of the Tempering Reactions of a Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel. JOM 71, 1357–1365 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03331-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03331-z

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