Abstract
CNT/Graphene reinforced composites due to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics that have attracted the scientific community working in the area of material development. In protraction, this review work on fracture analysis of CNT/Graphene reinforced composites is summarized from an exponentially growing literature inclusive of fabrication methods and present and potential applications. Owing to these composites' enormous structural applications, the number of literature works on the fracture of the structures using various models is summarized here. The literature contains several techniques to model the CNT/graphene composites that include: Halpin Tsai model, modified Halpin Tsai model, Mori–Tanaka model, homogenization approach, etc. which are discussed in detail. Various combined analysis for fracture toughness and crack growth analysis based on fracture mechanics are cited here using different computational formulations like finite element method (FEM), element free Galerkin method, reproducing kernel particle method, meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method, extended finite element method (XFEM), isogeometric analysis (IGA), etc. In particular, the authors have reported the work done in the area of fracture analysis of these novel composites since its inception that is inclusive of its structure, fabrication, properties, mathematical modeling, applications, and analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Affdl JH, Kardos JL (1976) The Halpin-Tsai equations: a review. Polym Eng Sci 16(5):344–352
Ajayan PM (1999) Nanotubes from carbon. Chem Rev 99(7):1787–1800
Ajayan PM, Schadler LS, Giannaris C, Rubio A (2000) Single-walled carbon nanotube–polymer composites: strength and weakness. Adv Mater 12(10):750–753
Ajayan PM, Zhou OZ (2001) Applications of carbon nanotubes. In: Carbon nanotubes, Springer, Berlin, pp 391–425
Anderson TL (2017) Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications. CRC Press
Ansari R, Rouhi S, Eghbalian M (2017) On the elastic properties of curved carbon nanotubes/polymer nanocomposites: a modified rule of mixture. J Reinf Plast Compos 36(14):991–1008
Ansari S, Giannelis EP (2009) Functionalized graphene sheet—poly (vinylidene fluoride) conductive nanocomposites. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 47(9):888–897
Arnold MS, Green AA, Hulvat JF, Stupp SI, Hersam MC (2006) Sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. Nat Nanotechnol 1(1):60–65
Ashton JE, Halpin JC, Petit PH (1969) Primer on composite materials: analysis, Technomic Publishing Company.
ASTM D 2344-00 (2001) Test method for short beam strength of polymer matrix composite materials and their laminates by short-beam method, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM I (2007) Standard test methods for plane-strain fracture toughness and strain energy release rate of plastic materials. ASTM D5045-99
Atluri SN, Zhu T (1998) A new meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) approach in computational mechanics. Comput Mech 22(2):117–127
Avella M, Bondioli F, Cannillo V, Errico ME, Ferrari AM, Focher B, Malinconico M, Manfredini T, Montorsi M (2004) Preparation, characterisation and computational study of poly (caprolactone) based nanocomposites. Mater Sci Technol 20(10):1340–1344
Avouris P (2010) Graphene: electronic and photonic properties and devices. Nano Lett 10(11):4285–4294
Azarniya A, Safavi MS, Sovizi S, Azarniya A, Chen B, Madaah Hosseini HR, Ramakrishna S (2017) Metallurgical challenges in carbon nanotube-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites. Metals 7(10):384
Bachilo SM, Strano MS, Kittrell C, Hauge RH, Smalley RE, Weisman RB (2002) Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 298(5602):2361–2366
Bachtold A, Hadley P, Nakanishi T, Dekker C (2001) Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors. Science 294(5545):1317–1320
Bailey JE, Barker HA (1971) Ceramic fibres for the reinforcement of gas turbine blades. In: Ceramics in severe environments, Springer, Boston, pp 341–359
Bal S, Samal SS (2007) Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites—a state of the art. Bull Mater Sci 30(4):379
Bao H, Ruan X, Fisher TS (2010) Optical properties of ordered vertical arrays of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from FDTD simulations. Opt Express 18(6):6347–6359
Barber AH, Cohen SR, Kenig S, Wagner HD (2004) Interfacial fracture energy measurements for multi-walled carbon nanotubes pulled from a polymer matrix. Compos Sci Technol 64(15):2283–2289
Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, De Heer WA (2002) Carbon nanotubes–the route toward applications. Science 297(5582):787–792
Bazli L, Khavandi A, Boutorabi MA, Karrabi M (2016) Morphology and viscoelastic behavior of silicone rubber/EPDM/Cloisite 15A nanocomposites based on Maxwell model. Iran Polym J 25(11):907–918
Bazli L, Siavashi M, Shiravi A (2019) A review of carbon nanotube/TiO2 composite prepared via sol-gel method. J Compos Compd 1(1):1–9
Bekyarova E, Kalinina I, Itkis ME, Beer L, Cabrera N, Haddon RC (2007) Mechanism of ammonia detection by chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes: in situ electrical and optical study of gas analyte detection. J Am Chem Soc 129(35):10700–10706
Belhouideg S, Lagache M (2014) Effects of the distribution and geometry of porosity on the macroscopic poro-elastic behavior: compacted exfoliated vermiculite. Int J Mech 8:223–230
Belytschko T, Black T (1999) Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing. Int J Numer Methods Eng 45(5):601–620
Belytschko T, Lu YY, Gu L, Tabbara M (1995) Element-free Galerkin methods for static and dynamic fracture. Int J Solids Struct 32(17–18):2547–2570
Benveniste Y (1987) A new approach to the application of Mori-Tanaka’s theory in composite materials. Mech Mater 6(2):147–157
Bethune DS, Kiang CH, De Vries MS, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, Beyers R (1993) Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls. Nature 363(6430):605
Bhardwaj G, Godara RK, Khanna K, Patil RU (2020) A semi-homogenized extended isogeometric analysis approach for fracture in functionally graded materials containing discontinuities. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 234(11):2211–2232
Bhardwaj G, Singh IV, Mishra BK, Bui TQ (2015) Numerical simulation of functionally graded cracked plates using NURBS based XIGA under different loads and boundary conditions. Compos Struct 126:347–359
Bhardwaj G, Upadhyay AK, Pandey R, Shukla KK (2013) Non-linear flexural and dynamic response of CNT reinforced laminated composite plates. Compos B Eng 45(1):89–100
Biro LP, Lazarescu S, Lambin P, Thiry PA, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lucas AA (1997) Scanning tunneling microscope investigation of carbon nanotubes produced by catalytic decomposition of acetylene. Phys Rev B 56(19):12490
Blake P, Brimicombe PD, Nair RR, Booth TJ, Jiang D, Schedin F, Ponomarenko LA, Morozov SV, Gleeson HF, Hill EW, Geim AK (2008) Graphene-based liquid crystal device. Nano Lett 8(6):1704–1708
Boem HP (1966) Advance in catalysis, vol 1, Acad. Press, New York, p 16
Britto PJ, Santhanam KS, Rubio A, Alonso JA, Ajayan PM (1999) Improved charge transfer at carbon nanotube electrodes. Adv Mater 11(2):154–157
Britto PJ, Santhanam KSV, Ajayan PM (1996) Carbon nanotube electrode for oxidation of dopamine. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 41(1):121–125
Bronikowski MJ (2006) CVD growth of carbon nanotube bundle arrays. Carbon 44(13):2822–2832
Cai D, Yusoh K, Song M (2009) The mechanical properties and morphology of a graphite oxide nanoplatelet/polyurethane composite. Nanotechnology 20(8):085712
Candelario VM, Moreno R, Guiberteau F, Ortiz AL (2016) Enhancing the sliding-wear resistance of SiC nanostructured ceramics by adding carbon nanotubes. J Eur Ceram Soc 36(13):3083–3089
Candelario VM, Moreno R, Shen Z, Guiberteau F, Ortiz AL (2017) Liquid-phase assisted spark-plasma sintering of SiC nanoceramics and their nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes. J Eur Ceram Soc 37(5):1929–1936
Candelario VM, Moreno R, Shen Z, Ortiz AL (2015) Aqueous colloidal processing of nano-SiC and its nano-Y3Al5O12 liquid-phase sintering additives with carbon nanotubes. J Eur Ceram Soc 35(13):3363–3368
Cannillo V, Bondioli F, Lusvarghi L, Montorsi M, Avella M, Errico ME, Malinconico M (2006) Modeling of ceramic particles filled polymer–matrix nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66(7–8):1030–1037
Cao A, Dickrell PL, Sawyer WG, Ghasemi-Nejhad MN, Ajayan PM (2005) Super-compressible foamlike carbon nanotube films. Science 310(5752):1307–1310
Cao A, Veedu VP, Li X, Yao Z, Ghasemi-Nejhad MN, Ajayan PM (2005) Multifunctional brushes made from carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 4(7):540–545
Carlson TA, Marsh CP, Kriven WM, Stynoski PB, Welch CR (2013) Processing, microstructure, and properties of carbon nanotube reinforced silicon carbide. In: Composite materials and joining technologies for composites, vo 7, Springer, New York, NY, pp 147–159
Carlsson LA (1996) Fracture of laminated composites with interleaves. In: Key engineering materials, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, vol 120, pp 489–520
Chandrasekaran S, Sato N, Tolle F, Mulhaupt R, Fiedler B, Schulte K (2014) Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of graphene based epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 97:90–99
Chawla N, Sidhu RS, Ganesh VV (2006) Three-dimensional visualization and microstructure-based modeling of deformation in particle-reinforced composites. Acta Mater 54(6):1541–1548
Che G, Lakshmi BB, Fisher ER, Martin CR (1998) Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production. Nature 393(6683):346–349
Chen G, Wu J, Lu Q, Gutierrez HR, Xiong Q, Pellen ME, Petko JS, Werner DH, Eklund PC (2008) Optical antenna effect in semiconducting nanowires. Nano Lett 8(5):1341–1346
Chou TW (2005) Microstructural design of fiber composites. Cambridge University Press
Chu K, Jia CC, Li WS (2012) Effective thermal conductivity of graphene-based composites. Appl Phys Lett 101(12):121916
Chunfeng D, Zhang X, Yanxia MA, Dezun W (2007) Fabrication of aluminum matrix composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Rare Met 26(5):450–455
Collins PG, Avouris P (2000) Nanotubes for electronics. Sci Am 283(6):62–69
Cox HL (1952) The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. Br J Appl Phys 3(3):72
Dai CA, Hsiao CC, Weng SC, Kao AC, Liu CP, Tsai WB, Ma CC (2009) A membrane actuator based on an ionic polymer network and carbon nanotubes: the synergy of ionic transport and mechanical properties. Smart Mater Struct 18(8):085016
Dai H (2002) Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc Chem Res 35(12):1035–1044
Dai H, Hafner JH, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Smalley RE (1996) Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy. Nature 384(6605):147–150
de Lavoisier AL (2019) Traite elementaire de chimie. Maxtor France
Deck CP, Vecchio K (2005) Growth mechanism of vapor phase CVD-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43(12):2608–2617
Dekker C (1999) Carbon nanotubes as molecular quantum wires. Phys Today 52:22–30
Deng CF, Wang DZ, Zhang XX, Li AB (2007) Processing and properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum composites. Mater Sci Eng A 444(1–2):138–145
Dervishi E, Li Z, Xu Y, Saini V, Biris AR, Lupu D, Biris AS (2009) Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Part Sci Technol 27(2):107–125
Derycke V, Martel R, Appenzeller J, Avouris P (2001) Carbon nanotube inter-and intramolecular logic gates. Nano Lett 1(9):453–456
Di Leonardo S, Nistal A, Catalanotti G, Hawkins SC, Falzon BG (2019) Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of thin-ply laminates with CNT webs at the crack interface. Compos Struct 225:111178
Domun N, Hadavinia H, Zhang T, Sainsbury T, Liaghat GH, Vahid S (2015) Improving the fracture toughness and the strength of epoxy using nanomaterials—a review of the current status. Nanoscale 7(23):10294–10329
Dong Y, Bhattacharyya D, Hunter PJ (2008) Experimental characterisation and object-oriented finite element modelling of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 68(14):2864–2875
Dormieux L, Kondo D, Ulm FJ (2006) Microporomechanics. Wiley
Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Saito R (1998) Physical properties of carbon nanotubes. World Scientific
Dresselhaus MS (2001) Burn and interrogate. Science 292(5517):650–651
El Moumen, A., Tarfaoui, M., Lafdi, K., (2018): Computational homogenization of mechanical properties for laminate composites reinforced with thin film made of carbon nanotubes. Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 25(3), pp. 569–588
Endo M, Koyama S, Matsuda Y, Hayashi T, Kim YA (2005) Thrombogenicity and blood coagulation of a microcatheter prepared from carbon nanotube−nylon-based composite. Nano Lett 5(1):101–105
Endo M, Strano MS, Ajayan PM (2007) Potential applications of carbon nanotubes. In: Carbon nanotubes, Springer, Berlin, pp 13–62
Esconjauregui S, Whelan CM, Maex K (2009) The reasons why metals catalyze the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanomorphologies. Carbon 47(3):659–669
Eshelby JD (1957) The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 241(1226):376–396
Esmizadeh E, Naderi G, Ghoreishy MHR (2013) Modification of Theoretical models to predict mechanical behavior of PVC/NBR/organoclay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 130(5):3229–3239
Feng C, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2017) Nonlinear bending of polymer nanocomposite beams reinforced with non-uniformly distributed graphene platelets (GPLs). Compos B Eng 110:132–140
Feng C, Liu K, Wu JS, Liu L, Cheng JS, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li Q, Fan S, Jiang K (2010) Flexible, stretchable, transparent conducting films made from superaligned carbon nanotubes. Adv Func Mater 20(6):885–891
Feng CX, Duan J, Yang JH, Huang T, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zheng XT, Zhou ZW (2015) Carbon nanotubes accelerated poly (vinylidene fluoride) crystallization from miscible poly (vinylidene fluoride)/poly (methyl methacrylate) blend and the resultant crystalline morphologies. Eur Polymer J 68:175–189
Fereidoon A, Rajabpour M, Hemmatian H (2013) Fracture analysis of epoxy/SWCNT nanocomposite based on global–local finite element model. Compos B Eng 54:400–408
Fornes TD, Paul DR (2003) Modeling properties of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites using composite theories. Polymer 44(17):4993–5013
Frackowiak E, Khomenko V, Jurewicz K, Lota K, Beguin F (2006) Supercapacitors based on conducting polymers/nanotubes composites. J Power Sour 153(2):413–418
Frank IW, Tanenbaum DM, van der Zande AM, McEuen PL (2007) Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets. J Vac Sci Technol B Microelectron Nanometer Struct Process Meas Phenomena 25(6):2558–2561
Ganesan Y, Peng C, Lu Y, Loya PE, Moloney P, Barrera E, Yakobson BI, Tour JM, Ballarini R, Lou J (2011) Interface toughness of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3(2):129–134
Ganesh EN (2013) Single walled and multi walled carbon nanotube structure, synthesis and applications. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 2(4):311–320
Garg AC, Mai YW (1988) Failure mechanisms in toughened epoxy resins—A review. Compos Sci Technol 31(3):179–223
Gavillet J, Loiseau A, Ducastelle F, Thair S, Bernier P, Stephan O, Thibault J, Charlier JC (2002) Microscopic mechanisms for the catalyst assisted growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 40(10):1649–1663
Gdoutos EE, Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Danoglidis PA (2016) Portland cement mortar nanocomposites at low carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber content: a fracture mechanics experimental study. Cem Concr Compos 70:110–118
Gibson RF, Ayorinde EO, Wen YF (2007) Vibrations of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 67(1):1–28
Gojny FH, Wichmann MH, Fiedler B, Schulte K (2005) Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites—a comparative study. Compos Sci Technol 65(15–16):2300–2313
Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG, Kopke U, Fiedler B, Schulte K (2004) Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content. Compos Sci Technol 64(15):2363–2371
Gopalakrishnan K, Birgisson B, Taylor P, Attoh-Okine NO (eds) (2011) Nanotechnology in civil infrastructure: a paradigm shift, Springer
Goyal RK, Tiwari AN, Negi YS (2008) Microhardness of PEEK/ceramic micro-and nanocomposites: correlation with Halpin-Tsai model. Mater Sci Eng A 491(1–2):230–236
Guo GY, Chu KC, Wang DS, Duan CG (2004) Linear and nonlinear optical properties of carbon nanotubes from first-principles calculations. Phys Rev B 69(20):205416
Guo JJ, Lewis JA (1999) Aggregation effects on the compressive flow properties and drying behavior of colloidal silica suspensions. J Am Ceram Soc 82(9):2345–2358
Guth E (1945) Theory of filler reinforcement. Rubber Chem Technol 18(3):596–604
Hafner JH, Cheung CL, Woolley AT, Lieber CM (2001) Structural and functional imaging with carbon nanotube AFM probes. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 77(1):73–110
Hajiaboutalebi M, Rajabi M, Khanali O (2017) Physical and mechanical properties of SiC-CNTs nano-composites produced by a rapid microwave process. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28(12):8986–8992
Halpin JC (1969) Stiffness and expansion estimates for oriented short fiber composites. J Compos Mater 3(4):732–734
Hamdia KM, Msekh MA, Silani M, Vu-Bac N, Zhuang X, Nguyen-Thoi T, Rabczuk T (2015) Uncertainty quantification of the fracture properties of polymeric nanocomposites based on phase field modeling. Compos Struct 133:1177–1190
Han D, Mei H, Xiao S, Dassios KG, Cheng L (2018) A review on the processing technologies of carbon nanotube/silicon carbide composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 38(11):3695–3708
Hashin Z, Shtrikman S (1962) On some variational principles in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous elasticity. J Mech Phys Solids 10(4):335–342
Hashin ZSHTR, Shtrikman S (1962) A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of polycrystals. J Mech Phys Solids 10(4):343–352
Hasnain MS, Nayak AK (2019) Carbon nano-tubes for targeted drug delivery. Springer
Heersche HB, Jarillo-Herrero P, Oostinga JB, Vandersypen LM, Morpurgo AF (2007) Bipolar supercurrent in graphene. Nature 446(7131):56–59
Heshmati M, Yas MH (2013) Free vibration analysis of functionally graded CNT-reinforced nanocomposite beam using Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach. J Mech Sci Technol 27(11):3403–3408
Hill R (1965) A self-consistent mechanics of composite materials. J Mech Phys Solids 13(4):213–222
Hinderling C, Keles Y, Stockli T, Knapp HF, De los Arcos, T., Oelhafen, P., Korczagin, I., Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J., Pugin, R., Heinzelmann, H. (2004) Organometallic block copolymers as catalyst precursors for templated carbon nanotube growth. Adv Mater 16(11):876–879
Hsieh TH, Kinloch AJ, Masania K, Taylor AC, Sprenger S (2010) The mechanisms and mechanics of the toughening of epoxy polymers modified with silica nanoparticles. Polymer 51(26):6284–6294
Hsieh TH, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, Kinloch IA (2011) The effect of carbon nanotubes on the fracture toughness and fatigue performance of a thermosetting epoxy polymer. J Mater Sci 46(23):7525
Hu H, Onyebueke L, Abatan A (2010) Characterizing and modeling mechanical properties of nanocomposites-review and evaluation. J Miner Mater Charact Eng 9(04):275
Huang H, Liu CH, Wu Y, Fan S (2005) Aligned carbon nanotube composite films for thermal management. Adv Mater 17(13):1652–1656
Hughes TJR, Cottrell JA, Bazilevs Y (2005) Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements, NURBS, exact geometry and mesh refinement. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 194:4135–4195
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348):56–58
Iijima S, Ichihashi T (1993) Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363(6430):603–605
Inagaki, M. ed., (2000): New carbons-control of structure and functions. Elsevier.
Inagaki M, Kang F, Toyoda M, Konno H (2013) Advanced materials science and engineering of carbon. Butterworth-Heinemann
Inagaki M, Radovic LR (2002) Nanocarbons. Carbon (New York, NY) 40(12):2279–2282
Ionescu E, Kleebe HJ, Riedel R (2012) Silicon-containing polymer-derived ceramic nanocomposites (PDC-NCs): preparative approaches and properties. Chem Soc Rev 41(15):5032–5052
Ishai O, Rosenthal H, Sela N, Drukker E (1988) Effect of selective adhesive interleaving on interlaminar fracture toughness of graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Composites 19(1):49–54
Jancar J (2000) Impact behavior of a short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Compos 21(3):369–376
Jang YT, Moon SI, Ahn JH, Lee YH, Ju BK (2004) A simple approach in fabricating chemical sensor using laterally grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Sens Actuators B Chem 99(1):118–122
Jarosz P, Schauerman C, Alvarenga J, Moses B, Mastrangelo T, Raffaelle R, Ridgley R, Landi B (2011) Carbon nanotube wires and cables: near-term applications and future perspectives. Nanoscale 3(11):4542–4553
Javey A, Guo J, Wang Q, Lundstrom M, Dai H (2003) Ballistic carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Nature 424(6949):654–657
Jenq Y, Shah SP (1985) Two parameter fracture model for concrete. J Eng Mech 111(10):1227–1241
Jeronimo K, Cruz VL, Ramos J, Vega JF, Trujillo M, Muller AJ, Martinez-Salazar J (2014) Computer simulations of the early stages of crystal nucleation of linear and short chain branched polyethylene on carbon nanotubes. Eur Polymer J 56:194–204
Jiang D, Zhang J, Lv Z (2012) Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–SiC composites by laminated technology. J Eur Ceram Soc 32(7):1419–1425
Johnsen BB, Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD, Taylor AC, Sprenger S (2007) Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers. Polymer 48(2):530–541
Jones RM (1999) Mechanics of composite materials. Taylor & Francis. Inc., New York
Jordan, J., Jacob, K.I., Tannenbaum, R., Sharaf, M.A. and Jasiuk, I., 2005. Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites—a review. Materials science and engineering: A, 393(1–2), pp. 1–11
Jorio A, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (eds) (2007) Carbon nanotubes: advanced topics in the synthesis, structure, properties and applications, vol 111, Springer
Jose-Yacaman M, Miki-Yoshida M, Rendon L, Santiesteban JG (1993) Catalytic growth of carbon microtubules with fullerene structure. Appl Phys Lett 62(6):657–659
Joshi P, Upadhyay SH (2014) Evaluation of elastic properties of multi walled carbon nanotube reinforced composite. Comput Mater Sci 81:332–338
Journet C, Maser WK, Bernier P, Loiseau A, de La Chapelle ML, Lefrant DS, Deniard P, Lee R, Fischer JE (1997) Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique. Nature 388(6644):756–758
Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Miyagawa H, Drzal LT (2007) Flexural and tensile moduli of polypropylene nanocomposites and comparison of experimental data to Halpin-Tsai and Tandon-Weng models. Polym Eng Sci 47(11):1796–1803
Karapappas P, Vavouliotis A, Tsotra P, Kostopoulos V, Paipetis A (2009) Enhanced fracture properties of carbon reinforced composites by the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J Compos Mater 43(9):977–985
Kaseem M, Hamad K, Ko YG (2016) Fabrication and materials properties of polystyrene/carbon nanotube (PS/CNT) composites: a review. Eur Polymer J 79:36–62
Kausar A, Rafique I, Muhammad B (2016) Review of applications of polymer/carbon nanotubes and epoxy/CNT composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 55(11):1167–1191
Kausch HH (1987) Polymer fracture, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Ke LL, Yang J, Kitipornchai S (2010) Nonlinear free vibration of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams. Compos Struct 92(3):676–683
Kelly, B.T., (1981): Physics of graphite.
Kempa K, Kimball B, Rybczynski J, Huang ZP, Wu PF, Steeves D, Sennett M, Giersig M, Rao DVGLN, Carnahan DL, Wang DZ (2003) Photonic crystals based on periodic arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 3(1):13–18
Kempa K, Rybczynski J, Huang Z, Gregorczyk K, Vidan A, Kimball B, Carlson J, Benham G, Wang Y, Herczynski A, Ren ZF (2007) Carbon nanotubes as optical antennae. Adv Mater 19(3):421–426
Khare R (2005) Carbon nanotube based composites—a review. J Miner Mater Charact Eng 4(01):31
Kim GM, Nam IW, Yang B, Yoon HN, Lee HK, Park S (2019) Carbon nanotube (CNT) incorporated cementitious composites for functional construction materials: the state of the art. Compos Struct 227:111244
Kim UJ, Gutierrez HR, Kim JP, Eklund PC (2005) Effect of the tube diameter distribution on the high-temperature structural modification of bundled single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 109(49):23358–23365
Kimizuka O, Tanaike O, Yamashita J, Hiraoka T, Futaba DN, Hata K, Machida K, Suematsu S, Tamamitsu K, Saeki S, Yamada Y (2008) Electrochemical doping of pure single-walled carbon nanotubes used as supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon 46(14):1999–2001
Kingston C, Zepp R, Andrady A, Boverhof D, Fehir R, Hawkins D, Vejins V (2014) Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites. Carbon 68:33–57
Kingston C, Zepp R, Andrady A, Boverhof D, Fehir R, Hawkins D, Roberts J, Sayre P, Shelton B, Sultan Y, Vejins V (2014) Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites. Carbon 68:33–57
Kinloch IA, Suhr J, Lou J, Young RJ, Ajayan PM (2018) Composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene: an outlook. Science 362(6414):547–553
Kocabas C, Hur SH, Gaur A, Meitl MA, Shim M, Rogers JA (2005) Guided growth of large-scale, horizontally aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their use in thin-film transistors. Small 1(11):1110–1116
Kohler AR, Som C, Helland A, Gottschalk F (2008) Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle. J Clean Prod 16(8–9):927–937
Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Metaxa ZS, Shah SP (2010) Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials. Cem Concr Res 40(7):1052–1059
Kordas K, Mustonen T, Toth G, Jantunen H, Lajunen M, Soldano C, Ajayan PM (2006) Inkjet printing of electrically conductive patterns of carbon nanotubes. Small 2(8–9):1021–1025
Krenchel H (1964) Fibre reinforcement; theoretical and practical investigations of the elasticity and strength of fibre-reinforced materials
Kreupl F, Graham AP, Duesberg GS, Steinhogl W, Liebau M, Unger E, Honlein W (2002) Carbon nanotubes in interconnect applications. Microelectron Eng 64(1–4):399–408
Krishnan A, Dujardin E, Ebbesen TW, Yianilos PN, Treacy MMJ (1998) Young’s modulus of single-walled nanotubes. Phys Rev B 58(20):14013
Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985) C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318(6042):162–163
Kruger M, Widmer I, Nussbaumer T, Buitelaar M, Schonenberger C (2003) Sensitivity of single multiwalled carbon nanotubes to the environment. New J Phys 5(1):138
Kulkarni M, Carnahan D, Kulkarni K, Qian D, Abot JL (2010) Elastic response of a carbon nanotube fiber reinforced polymeric composite: a numerical and experimental study. Compos B Eng 41(5):414–421
Kunz-Douglass S, Beaumont PW, Ashby MF (1980) A model for the toughness of epoxy-rubber particulate composites. J Mater Sci 15(5):1109–1123
Kuronuma Y, Shindo Y, Takeda T, Narita F (2010) Fracture behaviour of cracked carbon nanotube-based polymer composites: experiments and finite element simulations. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 33(2):87–93
Kuzumaki T, Miyazawa K, Ichinose H, Ito K (1998) Processing of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite. J Mater Res 13(9):2445–2449
Landau LD, Lifshitz EM, Pitaevskii LP (1984): Electrodynamics of Continuous Media. New York: Pergamon Press
Landau LD, Bell JS, Kearsley MJ, Pitaevskii LP, Lifshitz EM, Sykes JB (2013) Electrodynamics of continuous media, vol 8, Elsevier
Laredo E, Grimau M, Bello A, Wu D (2013) Molecular dynamics and crystallization precursors in polylactide and poly (lactide)/CNT biocomposites in the insulating state. Eur Polymer J 49(12):4008–4019
Lauke B (2008) On the effect of particle size on fracture toughness of polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 68(15–16):3365–3372
Le HH, Wiebner S, Das A, Fischer D (2016) Selective wetting of carbon nanotubes in rubber compounds—effect of the ionic liquid as dispersing and coupling agent. Eur Polymer J 75:13–24
Leckband D (2000) Measuring the forces that control protein interactions. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 29(1):1–26
Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887):385–388
Lee HR, Hwang OJ, Cho B, Park KC (2020) Scanning electron imaging with vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) based cold cathode electron beam (c-beam). Vacuum 182:109696
Lee JK, Lee SP, Cho KS, Byun JH, Bae DS (2011) Characterization of SiCf/SiC and CNT/SiC composite materials produced by liquid phase sintering. J Nucl Mater 417(1–3):371–374
Lee SH, Kim H, Hang S, Cheong SK (2012) Interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates with CNT-enhanced nonwoven carbon tissue interleave. Compos Sci Technol 73:1–8
Lee SH, Noguchi H, Kim YB, Cheong SK (2002) Effect of interleaved non-woven carbon tissue on interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites: part I-Mode II. J Compos Mater 36(18):2153–2168
Lee SH, Noguchi H, Kim YB, Cheong SK (2002) Effect of interleaved non-woven carbon tissue on interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites: part II–Mode I. J Compos Mater 36(18):2169–2181
Lee SP, Jin JW, Kang KW (2014) Probabilistic analysis for mechanical properties of glass/epoxy composites using homogenization method and Monte Carlo simulation. Renew Energy 65:219–226
Lehman JH, Terrones M, Mansfield E, Hurst KE, Meunier V (2011) Evaluating the characteristics of multiwall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 49(8):2581–2602
Lewis TB, Nielsen LE (1970) Dynamic mechanical properties of particulate-filled composites. J Appl Polym Sci 14(6):1449–1471
Li C, Thostenson ET, Chou TW (2008) Sensors and actuators based on carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 68(6):1227–1249
Li J, Hu L, Wang L, Zhou Y, Gruner G, Marks TJ (2006) Organic light-emitting diodes having carbon nanotube anodes. Nano Lett 6(11):2472–2477
Li X, Tao L, Chen Z, Fang H, Li X, Wang X, Xu JB, Zhu H (2017) Graphene and related two-dimensional materials: Structure-property relationships for electronics and optoelectronics. Appl Phys Rev 4(2):021306
Liao J, Tan MJ (2011) A simple approach to prepare Al/CNT composite: spread-dispersion (SD) method. Mater Lett 65(17–18):2742–2744
Lidorikis E, Ferrari AC (2009) Photonics with multiwall carbon nanotube arrays. ACS Nano 3(5):1238–1248
Lifshitz EM, Pitaevskii LP, Sykes JB, Bell JB, Kearsley MJ (1984) Electrodynamics of continuous media. Pergamon Press
Lin F, Xiang Y, Shen HS (2017) Temperature dependent mechanical properties of graphene reinforced polymer nanocomposites–a molecular dynamics simulation. Compos B Eng 111:261–269
Lin MF (2000) Optical spectra of single-wall carbon nanotube bundles. Phys Rev B 62(19):13153
Lin MF, Shung KWK (1994) Plasmons and optical properties of carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev B 50(23):17744
Liu P, Wei Y, Jiang K, Sun Q, Zhang X, Fan S, Zhang S, Ning C, Deng J (2006) Thermionic emission and work function of multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns. Phys Rev B 73(23):235412
Liu X, Lee C, Zhou C, Han J (2001) Carbon nanotube field-effect inverters. Appl Phys Lett 79(20):3329–3331
Liu ZY, Xiao BL, Wang WG, Ma ZY (2012) Singly dispersed carbon nanotube/aluminum composites fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with friction stir processing. Carbon 50(5):1843–1852
Lordi V, Yao N (2000) Molecular mechanics of binding in carbon-nanotube–polymer composites. J Mater Res 15(12):2770–2779
Lu W, Zu M, Byun JH, Kim BS, Chou TW (2012) State of the art of carbon nanotube fibers: opportunities and challenges. Adv Mater 24(14):1805–1833
Lu Z, Jiang D, Zhang J, Lin Q (2009) Preparation and properties of multi-wall carbon nanotube/SiC composites by aqueous tape casting. Sci China Ser E Technol Sci 52(1):132–136
Luo JJ, Daniel IM (2003) Characterization and modeling of mechanical behavior of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63(11):1607–1616
Lv X, Ye F, Cheng L, Fan S, Liu Y (2019) Fabrication of SiC whisker-reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites based on 3D printing and chemical vapor infiltration technology. J Eur Ceram Soc 39(11):3380–3386
Ma RZ, Wu J, Wei BQ, Liang J, Wu DH (1998) Processing and properties of carbon nanotubes–nano-SiC ceramic. J Mater Sci 33(21):5243–5246
Martin-Gallego M, Bernal MM, Hernandez M, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA (2013) Comparison of filler percolation and mechanical properties in graphene and carbon nanotubes filled epoxy nanocomposites. Eur Polymer J 49(6):1347–1353
Maruyama S, Kojima R, Miyauchi Y, Chiashi S, Kohno M (2002) Low-temperature synthesis of high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes from alcohol. Chem Phys Lett 360(3–4):229–234
May JW (1969) Platinum surface LEED rings. SurSc 17(1):267–270
McClory C, McNally T, Baxendale M, Potschke P, Blau W, Ruether M (2010) Electrical and rheological percolation of PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites as a function of CNT geometry and functionality. Eur Polymer J 46(5):854–868
McEuen PL, Fuhrer MS, Park H (2002) Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 1(1):78–85
Meincke O, Kaempfer D, Weickmann H, Friedrich C, Vathauer M, Warth H (2004) Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of carbon-nanotube filled polyamide-6 and its blends with acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene. Polymer 45(3):739–748
Meyyappan M (ed) (2004) Carbon nanotubes: science and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Minh PN, Khoi PH (2009) Carbon nanotube: a novel material for applications. J Phys Conf Ser 187:012002
Mirjalili V, Hubert P (2010) Modelling of the carbon nanotube bridging effect on the toughening of polymers and experimental verification. Compos Sci Technol 70(10):1537–1543
Mizuno K, Ishii J, Kishida H, Hayamizu Y, Yasuda S, Futaba DN, Yumura M, Hata K (2009) A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(15):6044–6047
Mizutani W, Choi N, Uchihashi T, Tokumoto H (2001) Carbon nanotube tip for scanning tunneling microscope. Jpn J Appl Phys 40(6S):4328
Moghanian A, Sharifianjazi F, Abachi P, Sadeghi E, Jafarikhorami H, Sedghi A (2017) Production and properties of Cu/TiO2 nano-composites. J Alloy Compd 698:518–524
Mokashi VV, Qian D, Liu Y (2007) A study on the tensile response and fracture in carbon nanotube-based composites using molecular mechanics. Compos Sci Technol 67(3–4):530–540
Mori T, Tanaka K (1973) Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions. Acta Metall 21(5):571–574
Morisada Y, Miyamoto Y (2004) SiC-coated carbon nanotubes and their application as reinforcements for cemented carbides. Mater Sci Eng, A 381(1–2):57–61
Morisada Y, Miyamoto Y, Takaura Y, Hirota K, Tamari N (2007) Mechanical properties of SiC composites incorporating SiC-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Int J Refract Metal Hard Mater 25(4):322–327
Morsi K, Esawi AMK, Lanka S, Sayed A, Taher M (2010) Spark plasma extrusion (SPE) of ball-milled aluminum and carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite powders. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 41(2):322–326
Mortazavi B, Baniassadi M, Bardon J, Ahzi S (2013) Modeling of two-phase random composite materials by finite element, Mori-Tanaka and strong contrast methods. Compos B Eng 45(1):1117–1125
Msekh MA, Cuong NH, Zi G, Areias P, Zhuang X, Rabczuk T (2018) Fracture properties prediction of clay/epoxy nanocomposites with interphase zones using a phase field model. Eng Fract Mech 188:287–299
Msekh MA, Silani M, Jamshidian M, Areias P, Zhuang X, Zi G, He P, Rabczuk T (2016) Predictions of J integral and tensile strength of clay/epoxy nanocomposites material using phase field model. Compos B Eng 93:97–114
Nagy G, Levy M, Scarmozzino R, Osgood RM Jr, Dai H, Smalley RE, McLane GF (1998) Carbon nanotube tipped atomic force microscopy for measurement of <100 nm etch morphology on semiconductors. Appl Phys Lett 73(4):529–531
Negi A, Bhardwaj G, Saini JS, Grover N (2019) Crack growth analysis of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposite using extended finite element method. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 233(5):1750–1770
Negi A, Bhardwaj G, Saini JS, Khanna K, Godara RK (2019) Analysis of CNT reinforced polymer nanocomposite plate in the presence of discontinuities using XFEM. Theor Appl Fract Mech 103:102292
Nielsen LE (1970) Generalized equation for the elastic moduli of composite materials. J Appl Phys 41(11):4626–4627
Nikolaev P, Bronikowski MJ, Bradley RK, Rohmund F, Colbert DT, Smith KA, Smalley RE (1999) Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide. Chem Phys Lett 313(1–2):91–97
Novak S, Ivekovicc A (2013) SiC–CNT composite prepared by electrophoretic codeposition and the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis process. J Phys Chem B 117(6):1680–1685
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva I, Dubonos S, Firsov AA (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438(7065):197–200
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669
O’connell MJ (2018) Carbon nanotubes: properties and applications. CRC Press
Odom TW, Hafner JH, Lieber CM (2001) Scanning probe microscopy studies of carbon nanotubes. In: Carbon nanotubes, Springer, Berlin, pp 173–211
Odom TW, Huang JL, Kim P, Ouyang M, Lieber CM (1998) Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy studies of single wall carbon nanotubes. J Mater Res 13(9):2380–2388
Park DM, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Yoon GH (2018) Analysis of geometrical characteristics of CNT-Al composite using molecular dynamics and the modified rule of mixture (MROM). J Mech Sci Technol 32(12):5845–5853
Patil RU, Mishra BK, Singh IV (2017) A new multiscale XFEM for the elastic properties evaluation of heterogeneous materials. Int J Mech Sci 122:277–287
Piggott M (2002) Load bearing fibre composites, Springer
Plagianakos TS, Munoz K, Guillamet G, Prentzias V, Quintanas-Corominas A, Jimenez M, Karachalios E (2020) Assessment of CNT-doping and hot-wet storage aging effects on Mode I, II and I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of a UD Graphite/Epoxy material system. Eng Fract Mech 224:106761
Poole CP Jr, Owens FJ (2003) Introduction to nanotechnology. Wiley
Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, Goodson K, Dai H (2006) Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature. Nano Lett 6(1):96–100
Popov VN (2004) Carbon nanotubes: properties and application. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 43(3):61–102
Pradhan B, Batabyal SK, Pal AJ (2006) Functionalized carbon nanotubes in donor/acceptor-type photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 88(9):093106
Quaresimin M, Salviato M, Zappalorto M (2012) Fracture and interlaminar properties of clay-modified epoxies and their glass reinforced laminates. Eng Fract Mech 81:80–93
Quaresimin M, Salviato M, Zappalorto M (2012) Strategies for the assessment of nanocomposite mechanical properties. Compos B Eng 43(5):2290–2297
Radhamani AV, Lau HC, Ramakrishna S (2018) CNT-reinforced metal and steel nanocomposites: a comprehensive assessment of progress and future directions. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 114:170–187
Rafiee MA (2011) Graphene-based composite materials. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York
Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Srivastava I, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2010) Fracture and fatigue in graphene nanocomposites. Small 6(2):179–183
Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2009) Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3(12):3884–3890
Rahmat M, Hubert P (2011) Carbon nanotube–polymer interactions in nanocomposites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 72(1):72–84
Rao CNR, Satishkumar BC, Govindaraj A, Nath M (2001) Nanotubes. ChemPhysChem 2(2):78–105
Rashad AM (2017) Effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the properties of traditional cementitious materials. Constr Build Mater 153:81–101
Rowell MW, Topinka MA, McGehee MD, Prall HJ, Dennler G, Sariciftci NS, Hu L, Gruner G (2006) Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 88(23):233506
Rycerz A, Tworzydlo J, Beenakker CWJ (2007) Valley filter and valley valve in graphene. Nat Phys 3(3):172–175
Sadeghian Z (2009) Large-scale production of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by low-cost spray pyrolysis of hexane. New Carbon Mater 24(1):33–38
Sadeghpour E, Guo Y, Chua D, Shim VP (2020) A modified Mori-Tanaka approach incorporating filler-matrix interface failure to model graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Int J Mech Sci 180:105699
Saito R, Fujita M, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus UM (1992) Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules. Appl Phys Lett 60(18):2204–2206
Saito Y, Uemura S, Hamaguchi K (1998) Cathode ray tube lighting elements with carbon nanotube field emitters. Jpn J Appl Phys 37(3B):L346
Sanada K, Takada Y, Yamamoto S, Shindo Y (2008) Analytical and experimental characterization of stiffness and damping in carbon nanocoil reinforced polymer composites. J Solid Mech Mater Eng 2(12):1517–1527
Sano N (2004) Low-cost synthesis of single-walled carbon nanohorns using the arc in water method with gas injection. J Phys D Appl Phys 37(8):L17
Sarkar BK (1998) Estimation of composite strength by a modified rule of mixtures incorporating defects. Bull Mater Sci 21(4):329–333
Sarkar K, Sarkar S, Das PK (2016) Spark plasma sintered multiwalled carbon nanotube/silicon carbide composites: densification, microstructure, and tribo-mechanical characterization. J Mater Sci 51(14):6697–6710
Schapery RA (1968) Thermal expansion coefficients of composite materials based on energy principles. J Compos Mater 2(3):380–404
Sela N, Ishai O, Banks-Sills L (1989) The effect of adhesive thickness on interlaminar fracture toughness of interleaved CFRP specimens. Composites 20(3):257–264
Selmi, A., Friebel, C., Doghri, I. and Hassis, H., 2007. Prediction of the elastic properties of single walled carbon nanotube reinforced polymers: A comparative study of several micromechanical models. Composites Science and Technology, 67(10), pp. 2071–2084
Seyhan AT, Tanoglu M, Schulte K (2008) Mode I and mode II fracture toughness of E-glass non-crimp fabric/carbon nanotube (CNT) modified polymer based composites. Eng Fract Mech 75(18):5151–5162
Sgobba V, Guldi DM (2009) Carbon nanotubes—electronic/electrochemical properties and application for nanoelectronics and photonics. Chem Soc Rev 38(1):165–184
Shadlou S, Ahmadi-Moghadam B, Taheri F (2014) The effect of strainben-rate on the tensile and compressive behavior of graphene reinforced epoxy/nanocomposites. Mater Des 59:439–447
Shen HS (2009) Nonlinear bending of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite plates in thermal environments. Compos Struct 91(1):9–19
Shen HS, Xiang Y, Lin F (2017) Nonlinear vibration of functionally graded graphene-reinforced composite laminated plates in thermal environments. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 319:175–193
Shen J, Champagne MF, Gendron R, Guo S (2012) The development of conductive carbon nanotube network in polypropylene-based composites during simultaneous biaxial stretching. Eur Polymer J 48(5):930–939
Shi G, Araby S, Gibson CT, Meng Q, Zhu S, Ma J (2018) Graphene platelets and their polymer composites: fabrication, structure, properties, and applications. Adv Func Mater 28(19):1706705
Shi Z, Lian Y, Zhou X, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Iijima S, Zhou L, Yue KT, Zhang S (1999) Mass-production of single-wall carbon nanotubes by arc discharge method. Carbon 37(9):1449–1453
Shimizu T, Tokumoto H, Akita S, Nakayama Y (2001) Stable atomic imaging of Si (1 1 1)-7×7 surface by scanning tunneling microscope with carbon nanotube tip. Surf Sci 486(3):L455–L460
Shindo Y, Kuronuma Y, Takeda T, Narita F, Fu SY (2012) Electrical resistance change and crack behavior in carbon nanotube/polymer composites under tensile loading. Compos B Eng 43(1):39–43
Shoji S, Suzuki H, Zaccaria RP, Sekkat Z, Kawata S (2008) Optical polarizer made of uniaxially aligned short single-wall carbon nanotubes embedded in a polymer film. Phys Rev B 77(15):153407
Shokrieh MM, Rafiee R (2010) On the tensile behavior of an embedded carbon nanotube in polymer matrix with non-bonded interphase region. Compos Struct 92(3):647–652
Siddiqui MU, Arif AFM (2016) Generalized effective medium theory for particulate nanocomposite materials. Materials 9(8):694
Singh C, Shaffer MS, Windle AH (2003) Production of controlled architectures of aligned carbon nanotubes by an injection chemical vapour deposition method. Carbon 41(2):359–368
Singh IV, Mishra BK, Bhattacharya S, Patil RU (2012) The numerical simulation of fatigue crack growth using extended finite element method. Int J Fatigue 36(1):109–119
Singh SK, Singh IV (2020) Analysis of cracked functionally graded piezoelectric material using XIGA. Eng Fract Mech 230:107015
Singh SK, Singh IV, Mishra BK, Bhardwaj G (2019) Analysis of cracked functionally graded material plates using XIGA based on generalized higher-order shear deformation theory. Compos Struct 225:111038
Singla D, Amulya K, Murtaza Q (2015) CNT reinforced aluminium matrix composite-a review. Mater Today Proc 2(4–5):2886–2895
Sinnott SB, Andrews R (2001) Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 26(3):145–249
Slepyan GY, Shuba MV, Maksimenko SA, Lakhtakia A (2006) Theory of optical scattering by achiral carbon nanotubes and their potential as optical nanoantennas. Phys Rev B 73(19):195416
Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E (2010) Production, properties and potential of graphene. Carbon 48(8):2127–2150
Song HJ, Zhang ZZ, Men XH (2007) Surface-modified carbon nanotubes and the effect of their addition on the tribological behavior of a polyurethane coating. Eur Polymer J 43(10):4092–4102
Song M, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2017) Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded polymer composite plates reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Compos Struct 159:579–588
Soni A, Grover N, Bhardwaj G, Singh BN (2020) Non-polynomial framework for static analysis of functionally graded carbon nano-tube reinforced plates. Compos Struct 233:111569
Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GH, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS (2006) Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442(7100):282–286
Stynoski P, Mondal P, Marsh C (2015) Effects of silica additives on fracture properties of carbon nanotube and carbon fiber reinforced Portland cement mortar. Cement Concr Compos 55:232–240
Subramaniam K, Das A, Steinhauser D, Kluppel M, Heinrich G (2011) Effect of ionic liquid on dielectric, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polychloroprene rubber composites. Eur Polymer J 47(12):2234–2243
Suhr J, Zhang W, Ajayan PM, Koratkar NA (2006) Temperature-activated interfacial friction damping in carbon nanotube polymer composites. Nano Lett 6(2):219–223
Sun L, Gibson RF, Gordaninejad F (2011) Multiscale analysis of stiffness and fracture of nanoparticle-reinforced composites using micromechanics and global–local finite element models. Eng Fract Mech 78(15):2645–2662
Sun R, Li L, Feng C, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2018) Tensile behavior of polymer nanocomposite reinforced with graphene containing defects. Eur Polymer J 98:475–482
Sun R, Li L, Feng C, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2019) Tensile property enhancement of defective graphene/epoxy nanocomposite by hydrogen functionalization. Compos Struct 224:111079
Sun R, Li L, Zhao S, Feng C, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2019) Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of defective graphene reinforced polymer nanocomposite. Mech Adv Mater Struct 28:1–10
Sun Z, Hasan T, Torrisi F, Popa D, Privitera G, Wang F, Bonaccorso F, Basko DM, Ferrari AC (2010) Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser. ACS Nano 4(2):803–810
Suquet PM (1987) Elements of homogenization theory for inelastic solid mechanics Homogenization techniques for composite media. Springer, Berlin
Surappa MK (2003) Aluminium matrix composites: challenges and opportunities. Sadhana 28(1–2):319–334
Sze SM, Ng KK (2006) Physics of semiconductor devices. Wiley
Tajzad I, Ghasali E (2020) Production methods of CNT-reinforced Al matrix composites: a review. J Compos Compd 2(1):1–9
Takeda T, Shindo Y, Narita F, Mito Y (2009) Tensile characterization of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites at cryogenic temperatures: experiments and multiscale simulations. Mater Trans 50(3):436–445
Tanaike O, Futaba DN, Hata K, Hatori H (2009) Supercapacitors using pure single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon Lett 10(2):90–93
Tandon GP, Weng GJ (1984) The effect of aspect ratio of inclusions on the elastic properties of unidirectionally aligned composites. Polym Compos 5(4):327–333
Tang LC, Zhang H, Han JH, Wu XP, Zhang Z (2011) Fracture mechanisms of epoxy filled with ozone functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol 72(1):7–13
Tarannum F, Muthaiah R, Annam RS, Gu T, Garg J (2020) Effect of alignment on enhancement of thermal conductivity of polyethylene-graphene nanocomposites and comparison with effective medium theory. Nanomaterials 10(7):1291
Taya M (2005) Electronic composites: modeling, characterization, processing, and MEMS applications. Cambridge University Press
Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai H, Petit P, Robert J, Xu C, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT (1996) Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes. Science 273(5274):483–487
Thostenson ET, Chou TW (2003) On the elastic properties of carbon nanotube-based composites: modelling and characterization. J Phys D Appl Phys 36(5):573
Thostenson ET, Chou TW (2006) Processing-structure-multi-functional property relationship in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Carbon 44(14):3022–3029
Thostenson ET, Karandikar PG, Chou TW (2005) Fabrication and characterization of reaction bonded silicon carbide/carbon nanotube composites. J Phys D Appl Phys 38(21):3962
Thostenson ET, Li C, Chou TW (2005) Nanocomposites in context. Compos Sci Technol 65(3–4):491–516
Thostenson ET, Ren Z, Chou TW (2001) Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 61(13):1899–1912
Tjong SC (2006) Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 53(3–4):73–197
Tomanek D, Jorio A, Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G (2007) Introduction to the important and exciting aspects of carbon-nanotube science and technology. In: Carbon nanotubes, Springer, Berlin, pp 1–12
Torabi AR, Rahimi AS, Ayatollahi MR (2019) Elastic-plastic fracture assessment of CNT-reinforced epoxy/nanocomposite specimens weakened by U-shaped notches under mixed mode loading. Compos Part B Eng 176:107114
Tsai SW (1988) Composites design. In: Think composites, Dayton, Ohio, p 583
Tsai YI, Bosze EJ, Barjasteh E, Nutt SR (2009) Influence of hygrothermal environment on thermal and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/fiberglass hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol 69(3–4):432–437
Tsantzalis S, Karapappas P, Vavouliotis A, Tsotra P, Kostopoulos V, Tanimoto T, Friedrich K (2007) On the improvement of toughness of CFRPs with resin doped with CNF and PZT particles. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 38(4):1159–1162
Tserpes KI, Silvestre N (eds) (2014) Modeling of carbon nanotubes, graphene and their composites. Springer, Berlin
Van Bommel AJ, Crombeen JE, Van Tooren A (1975) LEED and Auger electron observations of the SiC (0001) surface. Surf Sci 48(2):463–472
Van Noorden R (2011) The trials of new carbon. Nature 469:14–16
Veedu VP, Cao A, Li X, Ma K, Soldano C, Kar S, Ghasemi-Nejhad MN (2006) Multifunctional composites using reinforced laminae with carbon-nanotube forests. Nat Mater 5(6):457–462
Venema LC, Meunier V, Lambin P, Dekker C (2000) Atomic structure of carbon nanotubes from scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Rev B 61(4):2991
Vezenov DV, Noy A, Rozsnyai LF, Lieber CM (1997) Force titrations and ionization state sensitive imaging of functional groups in aqueous solutions by chemical force microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 119(8):2006–2015
Vigolo B, Cojocaru CS, Faerber J, Arabski J, Gangloff L, Legagneux P, Lezec H, Le Normand F (2008) Localized CVD growth of oriented and individual carbon nanotubes from nanoscaled dots prepared by lithographic sequences. Nanotechnology 19(13):135601
Wagner HD, Ajayan PM, Schulte K (2013) Nanocomposite toughness from a pull-out mechanism. Compos Sci Technol 83:27–31
Wang J (2005) Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors: a review—electroanalysis. Int J Devot Fundam Pract Asp Electroanal 17(1):7–14
Wang MS, Kaplan-Ashiri I, Wei XL, Rosentsveig R, Wagner HD, Tenne R, Peng LM (2008) In situ TEM measurements of the mechanical properties and behavior of WS 2 nanotubes. Nano Res 1(1):22
Wang XJ, Flicker JD, Lee BJ, Ready WJ, Zhang ZM (2009) Visible and near-infrared radiative properties of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 20(21):215704
Wang Y, Feng C, Santiuste C, Zhao Z, Yang J (2019) Buckling and postbuckling of dielectric composite beam reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs). Aerosp Sci Technol 91:208–218
Wang Y, Feng C, Wang X, Zhao Z, Romero CS, Yang J (2019) Nonlinear free vibration of graphene platelets (GPLs)/polymer dielectric beam. Smart Mater Struct 28(5):055013
Wang Y, Feng C, Wang X, Zhao Z, Romero CS, Dong Y, Yang J (2019) Nonlinear static and dynamic responses of graphene platelets reinforced composite beam with dielectric permittivity. Appl Math Model 71:298–315
Wang Y, Kempa K, Kimball B, Carlson JB, Benham G, Li WZ, Kempa T, Rybczynski J, Herczynski A, Ren ZF (2004) Receiving and transmitting light-like radio waves: antenna effect in arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 85(13):2607–2609
Wei Y, Weng D, Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang K, Liu L, Fan S (2006) Efficient fabrication of field electron emitters from the multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns. Appl Phys Lett 89(6):063101
Wetzel B, Rosso P, Haupert F, Friedrich K (2006) Epoxy nanocomposites–fracture and toughening mechanisms. Eng Fract Mech 73(16):2375–2398
Williams JG (1984) Fracture mechanics of polymers, Horwood
Williams JG (2010) Particle toughening of polymers by plastic void growth. Compos Sci Technol 70(6):885–891
Wong SS, Harper JD, Lansbury PT, Lieber CM (1998) Carbon nanotube tips: high-resolution probes for imaging biological systems. J Am Chem Soc 120(3):603–604
Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang X (2012) Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotube/aluminum composites consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Mater Des 41:344–348
Wu W, Wieckowski S, Pastorin G, Benincasa M, Klumpp C, Briand JP, Bianco A (2005) Targeted delivery of amphotericin B to cells by using functionalized carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 44(39):6358–6362
Wu YP, Jia QX, Yu DS, Zhang LQ (2004) Modeling Young’s modulus of rubber–clay nanocomposites using composite theories. Polym Test 23(8):903–909
Wu Z, Chen Z, Du X, Logan JM, Sippel J, Nikolou M, Rinzler AG (2004) Transparent, conductive carbon nanotube films. Science 305(5688):1273–1276
Xiao L, Chen Z, Feng C, Liu L, Bai ZQ, Wang Y, Qian L, Zhang Y, Li Q, Jiang K, Fan S (2008) Flexible, stretchable, transparent carbon nanotube thin film loudspeakers. Nano Lett 8(12):4539–4545
Xiong QL, Meguid SA (2015) Atomistic investigation of the interfacial mechanical characteristics of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composite. Eur Polymer J 69:1–15
Xu Y, Cheng L, Zhang L (1999) Carbon/silicon carbide composites prepared by chemical vapor infiltration combined with silicon melt infiltration. Carbon 37(8):1179–1187
Yadav A, Godara RK, Bhardwaj G (2020) A review on XIGA method for computational fracture mechanics applications. Eng Fract Mech 230:107001
Yaghobizadeh O, Sedghi A, Baharvandi HR (2017) Introduction of nano-laminate Ti3SiC2 and SiC phases into Cf-C composite by liquid silicon infiltration method. Metall Mater Eng 23(1):21–30
Yakobson BI, Smalley RE (1997) Fullerene nanotubes: C 1,000,000 and beyond: Some unusual new molecules—long, hollow fibers with tantalizing electronic and mechanical properties—have joined diamonds and graphite in the carbon family. Am Sci 85(4):324–337
Yamashita S, Inoue Y, Maruyama S, Murakami Y, Yaguchi H, Jablonski M, Set SY (2004) Saturable absorbers incorporating carbon nanotubes directly synthesized onto substrates and fibers and their application to mode-locked fiber lasers. Opt Lett 29(14):1581–1583
Yang J, Wu H, Kitipornchai S (2017) Buckling and postbuckling of functionally graded multilayer graphene platelet-reinforced composite beams. Compos Struct 161:111–118
Yang X, He Y, Zeng G, Chen X, Shi H, Qing D, Li F, Chen Q (2017) Bio-inspired method for preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated superhydrophilic poly (vinylidene fluoride) membrane for oil/water emulsion separation. Chem Eng J 321:245–256
Yang ZP, Ci L, Bur JA, Lin SY, Ajayan PM (2008) Experimental observation of an extremely dark material made by a low-density nanotube array. Nano Lett 8(2):446–451
Yas MH, Samadi N (2012) Free vibrations and buckling analysis of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite Timoshenko beams on elastic foundation. Int J Press Vessels Pip 98:119–128
Yellampalli S (ed) (2011) Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, applications. BoD–Books on Demand
Yu MF, Dyer MJ, Ruoff RS (2001) Structure and mechanical flexibility of carbon nanotube ribbons: an atomic-force microscopy study. J Appl Phys 89(8):4554–4557
Zaoui A (1997) Structural morphology and constitutive behaviour of microheterogeneous materials. In: Continuum micromechanics, Springer, Vienna, pp 291–347
Zappalorto M, Salviato M, Quaresimin M (2012) A multiscale model to describe nanocomposite fracture toughness enhancement by the plastic yielding of nanovoids. Compos Sci Technol 72(14):1683–1691
Zappalorto M, Salviato M, Quaresimin M (2013) Mixed mode (I+ II) fracture toughness of polymer nanoclay nanocomposites. Eng Fract Mech 111:50–64
Zare Y (2016) Development of Halpin-Tsai model for polymer nanocomposites assuming interphase properties and nanofiller size. Polym Test 51:69–73
Zare Y, Rhee KY, Park SJ (2019) A developed equation for electrical conductivity of polymer carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites based on Halpin-Tsai model. Results Phys 14:102406
Zeinedini A, Shokrieh MM, Ebrahimi A (2018) The effect of agglomeration on the fracture toughness of CNTs-reinforced nanocomposites. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 94:84–94
Zhang G, Qi P, Wang X, Lu Y, Li X, Tu R, Dai H (2006) Selective etching of metallic carbon nanotubes by gas-phase reaction. Science 314(5801):974–977
Zhang H, Liu Y, Kuwata M, Bilotti E, Peijs T (2015) Improved fracture toughness and integrated damage sensing capability by spray coated CNTs on carbon fibre prepreg. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 70:102–110
Zhang J, Boyd A, Tselev A, Paranjape M, Barbara P (2006) Mechanism of NO2 detection in carbon nanotube field effect transistor chemical sensors. Appl Phys Lett 88(12):123112
Zhang L, Feng C, Chen Z, Liu L, Jiang K, Li Q, Fan S (2008) Superaligned carbon nanotube grid for high resolution transmission electron microscopy of nanomaterials. Nano Lett 8(8):2564–2569
Zhang Y, Tan YW, Stormer HL, Kim P (2005) Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438(7065):201–204
Zhao GL, Bagayoko D, Yang L (2006) Optical properties of aligned carbon nanotube mats for photonic applications. J Appl Phys 99(11):114311
Zhao S, Zhao Z, Yang Z, Ke L, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2020) Functionally graded graphene reinforced composite structures: a review. Eng Struct 210:110339
Zheng QS, Du DX (2001) An explicit and universally applicable estimate for the effective properties of multiphase composites which accounts for inclusion distribution. J Mech Phys Solids 49(11):2765–2788
Zhou C, Kong J, Dai H (2000) Electrical measurements of individual semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes of various diameters. Appl Phys Lett 76(12):1597–1599
Zhu F, Park C, Jin Yun G (2019) An extended Mori-Tanaka micromechanics model for wavy CNT nanocomposites with interface damage. In: Mechanics of advanced materials and structures, pp 1–13
Zhu P, Lei ZX, Liew KM (2012) Static and free vibration analyses of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite plates using finite element method with first order shear deformation plate theory. Compos Struct 94(4):1450–1460
Zhu R, Pan E, Roy AK (2007) Molecular dynamics study of the stress–strain behavior of carbon-nanotube reinforced Epon 862 composites. Mater Sci Eng A 447(1–2):51–57
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for providing financial support (Early Career Research Award) to this work through Grant No: ECR/2018/00592.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yadav, A., Godara, R.K., Bhardwaj, G. et al. A Review on Fracture Analysis of CNT/Graphene Reinforced Composites for Structural Applications. Arch Computat Methods Eng 29, 545–582 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-021-09650-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-021-09650-2