Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the first descriptions of the “floral oil syndrome” by Stefan Vogel. Over those past decades, substantial knowledge was obtained mainly on the taxonomic distribution, morphologies and phylogenetics involved in floral oil-mediated interactions. Many studies have also extended the understanding of several ecological and evolutionary aspects of these interactions over the last two decades, mainly in neotropical environments, where oil bee–oil flower interactions are more diverse and abundant. Although researchers worldwide have been inspired by Vogel’s work, the Brazilian research on oil-collecting bees and oil-secreting plants has particularly played a crucial role for this expansion. Here, we review the findings on floral oil systems and organize them in an illustrative timeline, containing a representative picture of important studies since Vogel’s first discoveries. We summarize not only the structural biology and taxonomic groups involved, but also the ecological, evolutionary and conservation aspects addressed to date. In addition, we indicate future directions for a broader understanding of these interactions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Alicia Sérsic, Dr. Andrea Cocucci and Dr. Sinzinando Albuquerque for conceiving pictures of oil flowers and bees visiting them, Dr. Juan Pablo Torretta and an anonymous reviewer for the constructive criticism on the manuscript. We are also grateful for the financial support by Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) awarded to L.T.C. [FACEPE BFP-0111-2.03/20] and I.C.M. [FACEPE APQ-1096-2.03/08, and CNPQ Research Grant 310508/2019-3].
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Carneiro, L.T., Machado, I.C. Oil flowers and related oil-collecting bees: a 50-year timeline of knowledge and future directions. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 17, 543–562 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-10000-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-10000-1