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Co-ordinated responses to endogenous and environmental triggers allow a well-timed floral transition in plants

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Abstract

The initiation of flowering is a crucial event in the life cycle of plants. Flowering marks the transition of the plant from its vegetative to reproductive state. Flowers are shoot modifications derived from flower primordia, as a means of reproduction and securing seed production adopted by plants to transmit their genomic information across generations for the survival of the species. Floral transition is a consequence of the interplay between endogenous factors such as plant genetic structure, and exogenous factors such as photoperiod, temperature, and nutrients. The generic mechanism of flowering initiation is evolutionarily conserved across plant families. In addition, it is highly dependent on the genetic and physiological characteristics of individual species, in coordination with the surrounding environmental factors. Therefore, flowering control is extremely adaptable to seasonal changes, ensuring the reproductive success of the plant species. The genes involved in flowering control maintain a delicate balance orchestrated by different signalling mechanisms in response to the environmental cues. In this study, various mechanisms related to flowering are collectively demonstrated in terms of endogenous genetic cues responding to natural exogenous triggers and artificial inducers, including environmental factors and phytohormones, respectively.

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source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01833.x (Moon et al. 2003)

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Abbreviations

AP1,2:

APATELLA 1,2

PI:

Pistillata

AG:

Agamous

TF1:

Terminal flower 1

LFY:

Leafy gene

CAL:

Cauliflower

FUL:

Fruitful

UFO:

Unusual floral organs

EF1:

Elongation factor 1

FT:

Flowering locus T

CO:

Constans

TSF1:

Twin sister of FT

F-BOX1:

F-box transcription factor

FKF1:

Flavin-binding Kelch repeat, F-box1

LOV:

Light, oxygen, voltage

GI:

Gigantea

CDF1:

Cyclin DOF factor 1

COP1:

Constitutive photomorphogenic 1

PRC 1&2:

Polycomb repressive complexes 1,2

NF-Y:

Nuclear factor Y

SAM:

Shoot apical meristem

FD:

Flowering locus D

FDP:

FD paralog

FLC:

Flowering locus D

MADS:

Initial letter if MCM1 agamous, deficiens

SOC1:

Suppressor of overexpression of CO1

COI1:

Coronatine insensitive 1

SPL15:

Squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 15

FCA:

Flowering control locus A

FY:

Flowering time control protein Y

FLK:

Flowering locus KH domain

LD:

Long day

FLD:

Flowering locus D

SD:

Short day

ZTL:

Zeitlupe

LKP2:

LOV Kelch protein 2

CCA1:

Circadian clock associated 1

LHY:

Late elongated hypocotyl

TOC1:

Timing of CAB expression 1

LUX:

Lux Arrythmo

ELF4:

Early flowering 4

EC:

Evening complex

PIF:

Phytochrome interacting factor

SVP:

Short vegetative phase, HOS1, high expression of osmotically responsive genes 1

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABRE:

ABA-responsive element binding protein

ABFs:

ABRE-binding factors

FMT:

Friendly mitochondria

TFL1:

Terminal flower1

ABI3:

Abscisic acid insensitive 3

GAI:

GA insensitive;

RGA:

Repressor of GA1-3

RGL1:

RGA-like 1

NTL8:

Transmembrane motif 1- like 8

BFT:

Brother of FT

CRY1:

Cryptochrome 1

JA:

Jasmonic acid

ET:

Ethylene

RGL123:

RGA-like 1,2,3

SOC1:

MADS-box gene SOC1

MYB33:

Myeloblastosis 33

PIN1:

Peptidylproyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA interacting 1

PAT:

Phosphinothricin acetyl transferase

AIL:

Aintegumenta-like

PLT:

Plethora

ERF:

Ethylene-responsive factor

PYR:

Pyrabactin resistance

RCAR:

Regulatory components of ABA receptors

PP2Cs:

Type 2 C protein phosphatases

SnRK:

Snf1- related protein kinase

bZIP:

Basic leucine zipper

ABI:

Abscisic acid insensitive

AAC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

ACS:

AAC synthase

EIN3:

Ethylene sensitive 3

EIL:

EIN3- like

ATR1:

Altered tryptophan regulator 1

CTR1:

Coronatine insensitive 1

EBF 12:

EIN3-binding f box protein 1

SCFcoi1 E3:

SKP/Cullin1/F-box protein COI1 E3-ubiquitin-ligase complex

JAZ:

JASMONATE ZIM domain

bHLH-MYCs:

Basic helix–loop–helix-myelocytomatosis oncogenes

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the New Breeding Technologies Development Program (No. PJ01485802), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. The permission to use Fig. 4 in this manuscript has been granted (Moon et al. 2003).

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  1. Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea

    Chetan Kaur, Yong Pyo Lim & Geung-Joo Lee

  2. Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea

    Geung-Joo Lee

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  1. Chetan Kaur
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Kaur, C., Lim, Y.P. & Lee, GJ. Co-ordinated responses to endogenous and environmental triggers allow a well-timed floral transition in plants. Plant Biotechnol Rep 16, 145–159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-021-00731-z

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