Abstract
Heavy metal contamination has been a significant issue globally often interconnected with broader environmental and social factors. Biosorption, emerged as a potential solution to sequester heavy metal ions using range of ceramics and polymers lean towards natural polymers for sustainability. Among these natural polymers, keratin-based adsorbents have attained attention due to its structural features. Though numerous review articles have reported the use of keratin for adsorption of toxic pollutants and methods to develop materials with desirable physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, the present review particularly discuss the structural–functional relation to explore the modification and tenability to improve its adsorption efficiency for heavy metals. Their interactions with functional groups present on keratin molecule and further, different extrinsic aspects such as extraction methods’ impact on removal efficiency of keratin and underlying mechanisms elucidated through various adsorption model employed by researchers is also discussed. This review also reports studies on improving the inherent heavy metal adsorption capacity of keratin by compositing with other polymers. Additionally, the functionalization of keratin molecule has been explored for not only improving the adsorption capacity but also the morphological characteristics of the materials developed. Overall, the article highlights the advancements in keratin-based materials as effective adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater and the need for further research to optimize their properties and performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
M.O. Fashola, V.M. Ngole-Jeme, O.O. Babalola, Heavy metal pollution from gold mines: environmental effects and bacterial strategies for resistance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13, 1047 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111047
V. Vijaya Kumar, S. Rimjhim, S. Achary Garagu, N. Nayakkam Valappil, R. Prasanna Rakhavan, Heavy metal contamination, distribution and source apportionment in the sediments from Kavvayi Estuary, South-west coast of India. Total Environ. Res. Themes 3–4, 100019 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2022.100019
X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Huang, L. Zhang, C. Yang, E. Li, Z. Wang, Heavy metal distribution and bioaccumulation combined with ecological and human health risk evaluation in a typical Urban Plateau Lake, Southwest China. Front. Environ. Sci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.814678
K. Perumal, J. Antony, S. Muthuramalingam, Heavy metal pollutants and their spatial distribution in surface sediments from Thondi coast, Palk Bay, South India. Environ. Sci. Eur. 33, 63 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00501-2
Q. Zhou, N. Yang, Y. Li, B. Ren, X. Ding, H. Bian, X. Yao, Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 22, e00925 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00925
M. Jaishankar, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B.B. Mathew, K.N. Beeregowda, Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7, 60–72 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009
H.N.M.E. Mahmud, A.K.O. Huq, R. Binti Yahya, The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater/aqueous solution using polypyrrole-based adsorbents: a review. RSC Adv. 6, 14778–14791 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA24358K
F.M. Pang, P. Kumar, T.T. Teng, A.K. Mohd Omar, K.L. Wasewar, Removal of lead, zinc and iron by coagulation–flocculation. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 42, 809–815 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.01.009
G. Al-Enezi, M.F. Hamoda, N. Fawzi, Ion exchange extraction of heavy metals from wastewater sludges. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Tox Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 39, 455–464 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1081/ese-120027536
Y. Zhang, X. Duan, Chemical precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater by using the synthetical magnesium hydroxy carbonate. Water Sci. Technol. 81, 1130–1136 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.208
Y. Pu, T. Qiang, G. Li, X. Ruan, L. Ren, Efficient adsorption of low-concentration uranium from aqueous solutions by biomass composite aerogel. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 259, 115053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115053
B.A.M. Al-Rashdi, D.J. Johnson, N. Hilal, Removal of heavy metal ions by nanofiltration. Desalination 315, 2–17 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.022
A.H. Algureiri, Y.R. Abdulmajeed, Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater by using RO membrane. Iraqi J. Chem. Pet. Eng. 17, 125–136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2016.4.12
Z. Wang, Z. Tan, H. Li, S. Yuan, Y. Zhang, Y. Dong, Direct current electrochemical method for removal and recovery of heavy metals from water using straw biochar electrode. J. Clean. Prod. 339, 130746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130746
R.K. Donato, A. Mija, Keratin associations with synthetic biosynthetic and natural polymers: an extensive review. Polymers 12, 32 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010032
Global major human hair export share in 2021, Statista (n.d.) https://www.statista.com/statistics/960987/global-leading-exporters-of-human-hair-export-share/. Accessed 13 Aug 2023
R.C. de Guzman, S.M. Tsuda, M.-T.N. Ton, X. Zhang, A.R. Esker, M.E. Van Dyke, Binding interactions of keratin-based hair fiber extract to gold, keratin, and BMP-2. PLoS ONE 10, e0137233 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137233
Human hair is being used to clean up oil spills|CNN, (n.d.) https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/19/world/oil-spills-human-hair-matter-of-trust-spc-scn-intl-c2e/index.html. Accessed 4 June 2023
A.G. Stewart, R. Collie, Keratinous materials as novel absorbent systems for toxic pollutants. Def. Sci. J. 64, 209–221 (2014). https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.7319
S. Mowafi, M.A. Taleb, C. Vineis, H. El-Sayed, Structure and potential applications of polyamide 6/protein electro-spun nanofibrous mats in sorption of metal ions and dyes from industrial effluents. J. Appl. Res. Technol. 19, 322–335 (2021). https://doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2021.19.4.1436
K. Roy, T.K. Dey, M. Jamal, R. Rathanasamy, M. Chinnasamy, Md.E. Uddin, Fabrication of graphene oxide–keratin–chitosan nanocomposite as an adsorbent to remove turbidity from tannery wastewater. Water Sci. Eng. 16, 184–191 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2022.12.003
M. Gore, L. Khurana, R. Dixit, K. Balasubramanian, Keratin-nylon 6 engineered microbeads for adsorption of Th (IV) ions from liquid effluents. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5, 5655–5667 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.10.048
M.D. Manrique-Juárez, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, O.F. Olea-Mejía, J. Flores-Estrada, J.L. Rivera-Armenta, C. Velasco-Santos, Polyurethane-keratin membranes: structural changes by isocyanate and pH, and the repercussion on Cr(VI) removal. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2013, e892547 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/892547
H.H. Bragulla, D.G. Homberger, Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia. J. Anat. 214, 516 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x
L. Navone, R. Speight, Understanding the dynamics of keratin weakening and hydrolysis by proteases. PLoS ONE 13, e0202608 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202608
X. Pan, R.P. Hobbs, P.A. Coulombe, The expanding significance of keratin intermediate filaments in normal and diseased epithelia. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 25, 47–56 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.018
L. Li, S. Yang, T. Chen, L. Han, G. Lian, Investigation of pH effect on cationic solute binding to keratin and partition to hair. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 40, 93–102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12441
H. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Niu, X. Li, Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater. Open Chem. 18, 97–107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0009
F. Banat, S. Al-Asheh, D. Al-Rousan, Comparison between different keratin-composed biosorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 20, 393–416 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1260/02636170260295579
H. Zhang, F. Carrillo, M. López-Mesas, C. Palet, Valorization of keratin biofibers for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Text. Res. J. 89, 1153–1165 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517518764008
H. Diwan, M.K. Sah, Exploring the potential of keratin-based biomaterials in orthopedic tissue engineering: a comprehensive review. Emergent Mater. 6, 1441–1460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00545-5
L. Tombolato, E.E. Novitskaya, P.-Y. Chen, F.A. Sheppard, J. McKittrick, Microstructure, elastic properties and deformation mechanisms of horn keratin. Acta Biomater. 6, 319–330 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.033
T. Tesfaye, B. Sithole, D. Ramjugernath, V. Chunilall, Valorisation of chicken feathers: characterisation of physical properties and morphological structure. J. Clean. Prod. 149, 349–365 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.112
S.S. Adav, R.S. Subbaiaih, S.K. Kerk, A.Y. Lee, H.Y. Lai, K.W. Ng, S.K. Sze, A. Schmidtchen, Studies on the proteome of human hair - identification of histones and deamidated keratins. Sci. Rep. 8, 1599 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20041-9
F.-C. Yang, Y. Zhang, M.C. Rheinstädter, The structure of people’s hair. PeerJ 2, e619 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.619
Y. Yu, W. Yang, B. Wang, M.A. Meyers, Structure and mechanical behavior of human hair. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 73, 152–163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.008
H. Gong, H. Zhou, R.H.J. Forrest, S. Li, J. Wang, J.M. Dyer, Y. Luo, J.G.H. Hickford, Wool keratin-associated protein genes in sheep—a review. Genes 7, 24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes7060024
B. Wang, W. Yang, J. McKittrick, M.A. Meyers, Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration. Prog. Mater. Sci. 76, 229–318 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001
P. Kakkar, B. Madhan, G. Shanmugam, Extraction and characterization of keratin from bovine hoof: a potential material for biomedical applications. Springerplus 3, 596 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-596
T. Lingham-Soliar, Microstructural tissue-engineering in the rachis and barbs of bird feathers. Sci. Rep. 7, 45162 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45162
D.A.D. Parry, Structures of the ß-keratin filaments and keratin intermediate filaments in the epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (Sauropsids). Genes 12, 591 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12040591
M. Zou, J. Zhou, L. Xu, J. Song, S. Liu, X. Li, An engineering perspective on the microstructure and compression properties of the seagull Larus argentatus feather rachis. Micron 126, 102735 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2019.102735
Y. Zhang, W. Huang, C. Hayashi, J. Gatesy, J. McKittrick, Microstructure and mechanical properties of different keratinous horns. J. R. Soc. Interface. 15, 20180093 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0093
M. Misra, P. Kar, G. Priyadarshan, C. Licata, Keratin protein nano-fiber for removal of heavy metals and contaminants. MRS Online Proc. Libr. 702, 211 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-702-U2.1.1
T. Nikiforova, V. Kozlov, M. Islyaikin, Sorption of d-metal cations by keratin from aqueous solutions. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 7, 103417 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103417
J. Kong, Q. Yue, S. Sun, B. Gao, Y. Kan, Q. Li, Y. Wang, Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution using keratin waste – hide waste: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic modeling studies. Chem. Eng. J. 241, 393–400 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.070
S.A. Olawale, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, D.I. Mendoza-Castillo, C.C. Okafor, L. Sellaoui, M. Badawi, S. Mignardi, Thermodynamics and mechanism of the adsorption of heavy metal ions on keratin biomasses for wastewater detoxification. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2022, 1–13 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7384924
L. Mahdavian, Simulation of heavy metal removal by α-keratin nano-structure of Human hair from environment. Env. Treat Tech 2, 31–35 (2014)
B.-C. Condurache, C. Cojocaru, P. Samoila, S.F. Cosmulescu, G. Predeanu, A.-C. Enache, V. Harabagiu, Oxidized biomass and its usage as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Molecules 27, 6119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186119
H.K. Agbovi, L.D. Wilson, 1 - Adsorption processes in biopolymer systems: fundamentals to practical applications, in Natural polymers-based green adsorbents for water treatment. ed. by S. Kalia (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2021), pp.1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820541-9.00011-9
X. Zhang, Y. Guo, W. Li, J. Zhang, H. Wu, N. Mao, H. Zhang, Magnetically recyclable wool keratin modified magnetite powders for efficient removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Nanomaterials 11, 1068 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051068
H. Zhang, F. Carrillo-Navarrete, M. López-Mesas, C. Palet, Use of chemically treated human hair wastes for the removal of heavy metal ions from water. Water 12, 1263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051263
A. Aluigi, A. Corbellini, F. Rombaldoni, G. Mazzuchetti, Wool-derived keratin nanofiber membranes for dynamic adsorption of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions. Text. Res. J. 83(15), 1574–1586 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512467060
I.A. Aguayo-Villarreal, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, V. Hernández-Montoya, M.A. Montes-Morán, H.E. Reynel-Avila, Batch and column studies of Zn2+ removal from aqueous solution using chicken feathers as sorbents. Chem. Eng. J. 167, 67–76 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.107
F. Dhaouadi, L. Sellaoui, M. Badawi, H.E. Reynel-Ávila, D.I. Mendoza-Castillo, J.E. Jaime-Leal, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, A.B. Lamine, Statistical physics interpretation of the adsorption mechanism of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ on chicken feathers. J. Mol. Liq. 319, 114168 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114168
Md.A. Hossain, R. Sultana, Md.A. Moktadir, Md.A. Hossain, A novel bio-adsorbent development from tannery solid waste derived biodegradable keratin for the removal of hazardous chromium: a cleaner and circular economy approach. J. Clean. Prod. 413, 137471 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137471
H.E. Reynel-Avila, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, G. De La Rosa, Analysis and modeling of multicomponent sorption of heavy metals on chicken feathers using Taguchi’s experimental designs and artificial neural networks. Desalin. Water Treat. 55, 1885–1899 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.937762
P. Kar, M. Misra, Use of keratin fiber for separation of heavy metals from water. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 79, 1313–1319 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1132
M. Mir, Adsorption of heavy metals by chopped human hair: an equilibrium and kinetic study. Asian J. Chem. 35, 1458–1462 (2023). https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27653
O.B. Omitola, M.N. Abonyi, K.G. Akpomie, F.A. Dawodu, Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Thomas modeling of the fix-bed continuous column adsorption of amoxicillin onto silver nanoparticle-maize leaf composite. Appl Water Sci 12, 1–9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01624-4
C. Henry, Thomas, heterogeneous ion exchange in a flowing system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 1664–1666 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a017
S. Chen, Q. Yue, B. Gao, Q. Li, X. Xu, K. Fu, Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: a fixed-bed column study. Bioresour. Technol. 113, 114–120 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.110
G. Klein, Principles of adsorption and adsorption processes, vol. 433 (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985)
H. Hammud, A. Shmait, N. Hourani, Removal of malachite green from water using hydrothermally carbonized pine needles. RSC Adv. 5(11), 7909–7920 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA15505J
R.M. Clark, Evaluating the cost and performance of field-scale granular activated carbon systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 573–580 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1021/es00160a008
E.B. Kurbanoglu, O.F. Algur, Utilization of ram horn hydrolysate as a supplement for recovery of heat- and freeze-injured bacteria. Food Control 17, 238–242 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.11.001
Y.A.D.T.U.O.A. Nomura, M. Aihara, D. Nakajima, S.C.T.F.I.C.L. Kenjou, M.T.F.I.C.L. Tsukuda, Y.C.T.F.I.C.L. Tsuda, Process for producing solubilized keratin, EP1731528A1, 2006. https://patents.google.com/patent/EP1731528A1/da. Accessed 10 July 2023
A. Ghosh, S. Clerens, S. Deb-Choudhury, J.M. Dyer, Thermal effects of ionic liquid dissolution on the structures and properties of regenerated wool keratin. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 108, 108–115 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.007
C.R. Chilakamarry, S. Mahmood, S.N.B.M. Saffe, M.A.B. Arifin, A. Gupta, M.Y. Sikkandar, S.S. Begum, B. Narasaiah, Extraction and application of keratin from natural resources: a review. 3 Biotech 11, 220 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02734-7
A. Aluigi, C. Tonetti, C. Vineis, A. Varesano, C. Tonin, R. Casasola, Study on the adsorption of chromium (VI) by hydrolyzed keratin/polyamide 6 blend nanofibres. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 12, 7250–7259 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6491
M.L. Peralta Ramos, G. Galaburri, J.A. González, C.J. Pérez, M.E. Villanueva, G.J. Copello, Influence of GO reinforcement on keratin based smart hydrogel and its application for emerging pollutants removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6, 7021–7028 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.011
N.D. Tissera, R.N. Wijesena, H. Yasasri, K.M.N. de Silva, R.M. de Silva, Fibrous keratin protein bio micro structure for efficient removal of hazardous dye waste from water: surface charge mediated interfaces for multiple adsorption desorption cycles. Mater. Chem. Phys. 246, 122790 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122790
M.W. Donner, M. Arshad, A. Ullah, T. Siddique, Unravelled keratin-derived biopolymers as novel biosorbents for the simultaneous removal of multiple trace metals from industrial wastewater. Sci. Total. Environ. 647, 1539–1546 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.085
F.S. Hussain, N. Memon, Z. Khatri, S. Memon, Solid waste-derived biodegradable keratin sponges for removal of chromium: a circular approach for waste management in leather industry. Environ. Technol. Innov. 20, 101120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101120
S. Perța-Crișan, C. Ștefan Ursachi, S. Gavrilaș, F. Oancea, F.-D. Munteanu, Closing the loop with keratin-rich fibrous materials. Polymers 13, 1896 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111896
E.M. Brown, K. Pandya, M.M. Taylor, C.-K. Liu, Comparison of methods for extraction of keratin from waste wool. Agric. Sci. 07, 670–679 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.710063
A. Schindl, M.L. Hagen, S. Muzammal, H.A.D. Gunasekera, A.K. Croft, Proteins in ionic liquids: reactions, applications, and futures. Front. Chem. 7, 347 (2019)
E. Pulidori, S. Micalizzi, E. Bramanti, L. Bernazzani, C. Duce, C. De Maria, F. Montemurro, C. Pelosi, A. De Acutis, G. Vozzi, M.R. Tinè, One-pot process: microwave-assisted keratin extraction and direct electrospinning to obtain keratin-based bioplastic. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 9597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179597
M. Zoccola, A. Aluigi, A. Patrucco, C. Vineis, F. Forlini, P. Locatelli, M.C. Sacchi, C. Tonin, Microwave-assisted chemical-free hydrolysis of wool keratin. Text. Res. J. 82, 2006–2018 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512452948
S. Wei, X. Hou, L. Liu, Y. Tian, W. Li, H. Xu, Improving the adsorption properties of keratin-based goat hair toward reactive dyes in dyeing wastewater by steam explosion. J. Nat. Fibers 20, 2157362 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2157362
N. Eslahi, F. Dadashian, N.H. Nejad, An investigation on keratin extraction from wool and feather waste by enzymatic hydrolysis. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. 43, 624–648 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2013.763826
K. Pakshir, M. Rahimi Ghiasi, K. Zomorodian, A.R. Gharavi, Isolation and molecular identification of keratinophilic fungi from public parks soil in Shiraz, Iran. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 619576 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/619576
P. Ramnani, R. Gupta, Keratinases vis-à-vis conventional proteases and feather degradation. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 1537–1540 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9398-3
F. Pan, Y. Xiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhou, C. Wang, W. Lin, Leather wastes into high-value chemicals: keratin-based retanning agents via UV-initiated polymerization. J. Clean. Prod. 383, 135492 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135492
A. Aluigi, C. Tonetti, C. Vineis, C. Tonin, G. Mazzuchetti, Adsorption of copper(II) ions by keratin/PA6 blend nanofibres. Eur. Polym. J. 47, 1756–1764 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.06.009
S. Feroz, N. Muhammad, J. Ranayake, G. Dias, Keratin - based materials for biomedical applications. Bioact. Mater. 5, 496–509 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.007
T. Tanabe, N. Okitsu, A. Tachibana, K. Yamauchi, Preparation and characterization of keratin–chitosan composite film. Biomaterials 23, 817–825 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00187-9
H. Mori, M. Hara, Transparent biocompatible wool keratin film prepared by mechanical compression of porous keratin hydrogel. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 91, 19–25 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.021
P.D. Rao, C.U. Kiran, K.E. Prasad, Effect of fiber loading and void content on tensile properties of keratin based randomly oriented human hair fiber composites. Int. J. Compos. Mater. 7, 136–143 (2017)
C. Xi, Z. Mingyue, Z. Yiyang, L. He, L. Hongling, Robust waterborne polyurethane/wool keratin/silk sericin freeze-drying composite membrane for heavy metal ions adsorption. J. Donghua Univ. 38, 484–491 (2021). https://doi.org/10.19884/j.1672-5220.202103010
K. Song, H. Xu, L. Xu, K. Xie, Y. Yang, Cellulose nanocrystal-reinforced keratin bioadsorbent for effective removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol. 232, 254–262 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.070
K. Katoh, M. Shibayama, T. Tanabe, K. Yamauchi, Preparation and properties of keratin-poly(vinyl alcohol) blend fiber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91, 756–762 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.13236
R. Bassi, S.O. Prasher, B.K. Simpson, Removal of selected metal ions from aqueous solutions using chitosan flakes. Sep. Sci. Technol. 35, 547–560 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-100100175
S.T. Chetan Mahajan, Preparation and evaluation of wool keratin based chitosan nanofibers for air and water filtration. IJIRAEInt. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Eng. 6, 37–44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2576696
K. Guiza, R. Ben Arfi, K. Mougin, C. Vaulot, L. Michelin, L. Josien, G. Schrodj, A. Ghorbal, Development of novel and ecological keratin/cellulose-based composites for absorption of oils and organic solvents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 46655–46668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11260-7
O. Peiravi-Rivash, M. Mashreghi, O. Baigenzhenov, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Producing bacterial nano-cellulose and keratin from wastes to synthesize keratin/cellulose nanobiocomposite for removal of dyes and heavy metal ions from waters and wastewaters. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 656, 130355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130355
K. Song, X. Qian, X. Li, Y. Zhao, Z. Yu, Fabrication of a novel functional CNC cross-linked and reinforced adsorbent from feather biomass for efficient metal removal. Carbohydr. Polym. 222, 115016 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115016
C. Kong, X. Zhao, Y. Li, S. Yang, Y.M. Chen, Z. Yang, Ion-induced synthesis of alginate fibroid hydrogel for heavy metal ions removal. Front. Chem. 7, 905 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00905
W. Kong, Q. Li, J. Liu, X. Li, L. Zhao, Y. Su, Q. Yue, B. Gao, Adsorption behavior and mechanism of heavy metal ions by chicken feather protein-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks super absorbent resin. RSC Adv. 6, 83234–83243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA18180E
L. Sun, S. Li, K. Yang, J. Wang, Z. Li, N. Dan, Polycaprolactone strengthening keratin/bioactive glass composite scaffolds with double cross-linking networks for potential application in bone repair. J. Leather Sci. Eng. 4, 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825-021-00077-w
H. Cao, X. Ma, Z. Wei, Y. Tan, S. Chen, T. Ye, M. Yuan, J. Yu, X. Wu, F. Yin, F. Xu, Behavior and mechanism of the adsorption of lead by an eco-friendly porous double-network hydrogel derived from keratin. Chemosphere 289, 133086 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133086
X. Jin, H. Wang, X. Jin, H. Wang, L. Chen, W. Wang, T. Lin, Z. Zhu, Preparation of keratin/PET nanofiber membrane and its high adsorption performance of Cr(VI). Sci. Total. Environ. 710, 135546 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135546
R.K. Anantha, S. Kota, Removal of lead by adsorption with the renewable biopolymer composite of feather (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and chitosan (Agaricus bisporus). Environ. Technol. Innov. 6, 11–26 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2016.04.004
V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, G. Martínez-Barrera, C. Velasco-Santos, J.L. Rivera-Armenta, V.M. Castaño, Removal of hexavalent chromium from water by polyurethane-keratin hybrid membranes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 218, 557–571 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0668-6
C.S. Ki, E.H. Gang, I.C. Um, Y.H. Park, Nanofibrous membrane of wool keratose/silk fibroin blend for heavy metal ion adsorption. J. Membr. Sci. 302, 20–26 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.003
E. Aliyev, V. Filiz, M.M. Khan, Y.J. Lee, C. Abetz, V. Abetz, Structural characterization of graphene oxide: surface functional groups and fractionated oxidative debris. Nanomaterials 9, 1180 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081180
E.J.-C. Amieva, J. López-Barroso, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, C. Velasco-Santos, E.J.-C. Amieva, J. López-Barroso, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, C. Velasco-Santos, Graphene-based materials functionalization with natural polymeric biomolecules. Recent Adv. Graphene Res. (2016). https://doi.org/10.5772/64001
M. Zubair, M.S. Roopesh, A. Ullah, Nano-modified feather keratin derived green and sustainable biosorbents for the remediation of heavy metals from synthetic wastewater. Chemosphere 308, 136339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136339
S. Xiaojuan, L. Hongwei, Z. Mei, Preparation and adsorption properties of wool keratin/graphene oxide composites. Wool Text. J. 49, 21–26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.19333/j.mfkj.20200303806
Z. Hanzlíková, J. Braniša, J. Ondruška, M. Porubská, The uptake and release of humidity by wool irradiated with electron beam. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 17, 315–324 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/17.2.1708
Z. Hanzlíková, J. Braniša, P. Hybler, I. Šprinclová, K. Jomová, M. Porubská, Sorption properties of sheep wool irradiated by accelerated electron beam. Chem. Pap. 70, 1299–1308 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2016-0062
Z. Hanzlíková, J. Braniša, K. Jomová, M. Fülöp, P. Hybler, M. Porubská, Electron beam irradiated sheep wool—prospective sorbent for heavy metals in wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol. 193, 345–350 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.045
M.A. Khosa, J. Wu, A. Ullah, Chemical modification, characterization, and application of chicken feathers as novel biosorbents. RSC Adv. 3, 20800–20810 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA43787F
M.A. Khosa, A. Ullah, In-situ modification, regeneration, and application of keratin biopolymer for arsenic removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 278, 360–371 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.023
G.L. Do Lago, M.I. Felisberti, pH and thermo-responsive hybrid hydrogels based on PNIPAAM and keratin. Eur. Polym. J. 125, 109538 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109538
M. Monier, N. Nawar, D.A. Abdel-Latif, Preparation and characterization of chelating fibers based on natural wool for removal of Hg(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) metal ions from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. 184, 118–125 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.013
M. Monier, D.M. Ayad, A.A. Sarhan, Adsorption of Cu(II), Hg(II), and Ni(II) ions by modified natural wool chelating fibers. J. Hazard. Mater. 176, 348–355 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.034
A.A. Almoukayed, R. Barhoum, Chemical modification of keratin using Schiff bases to prepare cation exchangers and study their adsorption activity. Heliyon 9, e15567 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15567
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to the host Institute facilities and support for the completion of this review work.
Funding
This review work received no particular grant support from any funding agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SV and MKS designed the content for review work. SV and AA prepared the first draft of manuscript including figures and tables. MKS prepared the final draft of manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vashista, S., Arora, A. & Sah, M.K. Catalysing Sustainability with Keratin-Derived Adsorbent Materials for Enhanced Heavy Metal Remediation. Korean J. Chem. Eng. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00168-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00168-4