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Recent advances on the coconut shell derived carbonaceous material for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants: A review

  • Review Paper
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Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Adsorption is a prominent and cost-effective water treatment method that has been used to remove a variety of contaminants due to its efficacy, ease of use, and environmental friendliness. Biosorbents developed from agricultural wastes have been extensively studied. This review gives insight into the potential of carbonaceous coconut shells as a source of biomass material to prepare adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The feasibility of coconut shells as a precursor material is beneficial for extensive industrial-scale applications due to their natural properties and long-term availability. This review article also illustrates the excellent adsorption performance of adsorbents derived from coconut shells that can be an alternative precursor to commercial carbons with a high market price. This review points out the applications of coconut shell-based adsorbents in removing a wide range of contaminants and actual industrial wastewater. Additionally, literature shows that modified coconut shell-based adsorbents show better adsorption performance in removing hazardous pollutants due to enhancement in adsorbents’ structural characteristics. The discussion on the environmental and economic perspectives on utilizing coconut shell-based adsorbents is also of the highlights of this review. It is prospective for industries to explore converting agricultural wastes into low-cost green adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

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Abbreviations

-OH:

hydroxyl

AC:

activated carbon

AgNPs:

Silver Nanoparticles

BB 3:

Basic Blue 3

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

BG:

Brilliant Green

BOD:

Biological Oxygen Demand

BR 14:

Basic Red 14

BY 13:

Basic Yellow 13

C-H:

carbon hydrogen bond

C=C:

carbon carbon double bond

C=O:

carbonyl

CAC/CoFe2O4 :

coconut activated carbon/cobalt ferrite

CC:

carbon content

CFC:

chlorofluorocarbon

CH4 :

methane

CNG:

compressed natural gas

Co:Fe:CAC:

cobalt:iron:coconut activated carbon

CO2 :

carbon dioxide

COD:

chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

chrome

CR:

congo red

CS:

coconut shell

CSAC:

coconut shell activated carbon

CSF/Mg-Al:

coconut shell fibre/magnesium-aluminium

CuO-NPs:

copper oxide nanoparticles

CV:

crystal violet

DOE:

department of environment

DY 12:

Direct Yellow 12

DY 12B:

Direct Yellow 12B

EB:

eriochrome black

EQA:

environmental quality act

FTIR:

fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

H-H:

hydrogen bond

H2O:

water

H2SO4 :

sulfuric acid

H3PO4 :

phosphoric acid

HCl:

hydrochloric acid

HTC:

hydrothermal carbonization

LCA:

life cycle assessment

MB:

methylene blue

MFCs:

microbial fuel cells

MG:

malachite green

MO:

methyl orange

MS:

municipal sludge

NaOH:

sodium hydroxide

Pb2+ :

Lead (II) ion

POME:

palm oil mill effluent

RB 19:

Reactive Blue 19

RBBR:

remazol brilliant blue R

SA:

surface area

SEM/EDS:

scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy

SS:

sewage sludge

SSAC:

sewage sludge activated carbon

TSS:

total suspended solids

VC:

volatile content

WHO:

World Health Organization

ZnCl2 :

zinc chloride

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Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to Ministry of Higher Education for providing financial support via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2019/TK05/UM/01/3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Amy Aynee Chan & Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman

  2. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Archina Buthiyappan & Shaliza Ibrahim

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  1. Amy Aynee Chan
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  2. Archina Buthiyappan
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Correspondence to Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Chan, A.A., Buthiyappan, A., Raman, A.A.A. et al. Recent advances on the coconut shell derived carbonaceous material for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants: A review. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 2571–2593 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1201-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1201-5

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