Abstract
This work describes the practicability of utilizing bentonite clay as a cheap and raw support for heterogeneous catalyst development. In the current research, ammonium persulfate (APS) impregnated bentonite heterogeneous catalyst was designed for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The fabricated catalyst was analyzed by various instrumental techniques (FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM, XRD, and EDX) to study its various physiochemical properties. It was identified that the clay supported heterogeneous catalyst executed an excellent activity for waste cooking oil conversion as providing maximum biodiesel yield of 93% at optimal reaction conditions (reaction temperature 75 °C, oil/methanol molar ratio, 1 : 10; catalyst amount, 2.5 wt%; stirring rate, 600-rpm in 3.5 hr reaction time). Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis confirms the successful conversion to biodiesel. Similarly, the various physiochemical characteristics of the synthesized biodiesel meet the international standard of American (ASTM6751) and European Union (EU-14214). Moreover, the designed acid catalyst showed catalytic activity for up to eight consecutive runs demonstrate its good reusability.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Arcigni, R. Friso, M. Collu and M. Venturini, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 101, 614 (2019).
C. Sronsri, W. Sittipol and K. U-yen, Chem. Eng. Sci., 226, 115884 (2020).
D. Costa do Nascimento, N. D. Dorighello Carareto, A. Marinho Barbosa Neto, V. Gerbaud and M. C. da Costa, Fuel, 281, 118717 (2020).
Z. Ullah, A. S. Khan, N. Muhammad, R. Ullah, A. S. Alqahtani, S. N. Shah, O. B. Ghanem, M. A. Bustam and Z. Man, J. Mol. Liq., 266, 673 (2018).
B. H. Jume, M. A. Gabris, H. Rashidi Nodeh, S. Rezania and J. Cho, Renew. Energy, 162, 2182 (2020).
M. A. Amani, M. S. Davoudi, K. Tahvildari, S. M. Nabavi and M. S. Davoudi, Ind. Crop. Prod., 43, 40 (2013).
A. Wang, H. Li, H. Pan, H. Zhang, F. Xu, Z. Yu and S. Yang, Fuel Proces. Technol., 181, 259 (2018).
D. Y. Leung, X. Wu and M. Leung, Appl. Energy, 87, 1083 (2010).
W. Ahmed, M. F. Nazar, S.D. Ali, U. A. Rana and S. U.-D. Khan, J. Energy Chem., 24, 331 (2015).
M. J. Borah, A. Devi, R. Borah and D. Deka, Renew. Energy, 133, 512 (2019).
Y. A. Elsheikh, F. Elfghi, Q. Nasir and N. Muhammad, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 140, 273 (2020).
M. B. Navas, I. D. Lick, P. A. Bolla, M. L. Casella and J. F. Ruggera, Chem. Eng. Sci., 187, 444 (2018).
B. Nath, P. Kalita, B. Das and S. Basumatary, Renew. Energy, 151, 295 (2020).
Y. Ning and S. Niu, Energy Convers. Manag., 153, 446 (2017).
Q. Shu, J. Gao, Z. Nawaz, Y. Liao, D. Wang and J. Wang, Appl. Energy, 87, 2589 (2010).
M. Hapońska, C. Nurra, S. Abelló, M. Makkee, J. Salvadó and C. Torras, Fuel Process. Technol., 185, 1 (2019).
M. Arrais Gonçalves, E. Karine Lourenço Mares, J. Roberto Zamian, G. Narciso da Rocha Filho and L. Rafael Vieira da Conceição, Fuel, 304, 121463 (2021).
A. Al-Saadi, B. Mathan and Y. He, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 162, 238 (2020).
S. Ganesan, S. Nadarajah, X. Y. Chee, M. Khairuddean and G. B. Teh, Renew. Energy, 153, 1406 (2020).
A. M. Rabie, M. Shaban, M. R. Abukhadra, R. Hosny, S. A. Ahmed and N. A. Negm, J. Mol. Liq., 279, 224 (2019).
N. Boz, N. Degirmenbasi and D. M. Kalyon, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 138–139, 236 (2013).
F. E. Soetaredjo, A. Ayucitra, S. Ismadji and A. L. Maukar, Appl. Clay Sci., 53, 341 (2011).
B. Ali, S. Yusup, A. T. Quitain, R. N. M. Kamil, Y. Sumigawa, M. Ammar and T. Kida, Procedia Engin., 148, 501 (2016).
L. Li, X. Chen, X. Xiong, X. Wu, Z. Xie and Z. Liu, Ceram. Int., 46, 19452 (2020).
Y. Lou, H. Cai, X. Liu, S. Tu, K. Pei, Y. Zhao, G. Cao, S. Li, K. Qin and B. Cai, Pharmacogn Mag., 10, S30 (2014).
K. Shimin, J. Chang and F. Juan, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 22, 392 (2014).
C. Wang, Y. Hu, Q. Chen, C. Lv and S. Jia, Biomass Bioenergy, 56, 405 (2013).
B. Hameed, C. Goh and L. Chin, Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 1532 (2009).
H. Zhao, C. H. Zhou, L. M. Wu, J. Y. Lou, N. Li, H. M. Yang, D. S. Tong and W. H. Yu, Appl. Clay Sci., 74, 154 (2013).
S. Belkharchach, H. Ighachane, A. Lachgar, M. Ait Ali and H. B. Lazrek, J. Chem. Sci., 132, 78 (2020).
F. Liu, X. Ma, H. Li, Y. Wang, P. Cui, M. Guo, H. Yaxin, W. Lu, S. Zhou and M. Yu, Fuel, 266, 117149 (2020).
J. Gardy, E. Nourafkan, A. Osatiashtiani, A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, A. Hassanpour and X. Lai, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 259, 118093 (2019).
S. Sen, V. Govindarajan, C. J. Pelliccione, J. Wang, D. J. Miller and E. V. Timofeeva, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 20538 (2015).
M. Toor, B. Jin, S. Dai and V. Vimonses, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 653 (2015).
B. Ali, S. Yusup, A. T. Quitain, M. S. Alnarabiji, R. N. M. Kamil and T. Kida, Energy Convers. Manage., 171, 1801 (2018).
M. J. Rezende and A. C. Pinto, Renew. Energy, 92, 171 (2016).
M. Masteri-Farahani, M.-S. Hosseini and N. Forouzeshfar, Renew. Energy, 151, 1092 (2020).
J. Gardy, A. Osatiashtiani, O. Céspedes, A. Hassanpour, X. Lai, A. F. Lee, K. Wilson and M. Rehan, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 234, 268 (2018).
M. Feyzi and L. Norouzi, Renew. Energy, 94, 579 (2016).
H. Alves, A. da Rocha, M. Monteiro, C. Moretti, M. Cabrelon, C. Schwengber and M. Milinsk, Appl. Clay Sci., 91, 98 (2014).
M. Farooq, A. Ramli and A. Naeem, Renew. Energy, 76, 362 (2015).
I. W. Khan, A. Naeem, M. Farooq, T. Mahmood, B. Ahmad, M. Hamayun, Z. Ahmad and T. Saeed, Renew. Energy, 155, 181 (2020).
R. F. Abdullah, U. Rashid, M. L. Ibrahim, B. Hazmi, F. A. Alharthi and I. A. Nehdi, Renew. Sust. Energ. Reviews, 137, 110638 (2021).
M. M. Ali, R. Yunus, C. Cheng and J. Gimbun, RSC Adv., 5, 76743 (2015).
J. L. Aleman-Ramirez, J. Moreira, S. Torres-Arellano, A. Longoria, P. U. Okoye and P. J. Sebastian, Fuel, 284, 118983 (2021).
A. Naeem, I. Wali Khan, M. Farooq, T. Mahmood, I. Ud Din, Z. Ali Ghazi and T. Saeed, Bioresour. Technol., 328, 124831 (2021).
A. R. Gupta, S. V. Yadav and V. K. Rathod, Fuel, 158, 800 (2015).
F. Yan, Z. Yuan, P. Lu, W. Luo, L. Yang and L. Deng, Renew. Energy, 36, 2026 (2011).
K. Thinnakorn and J. Tscheikuna, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 476, 26 (2014).
A. Buasri, N. Chaiyut, V. Loryuenyong, C. Rodklum, T. Chaikwan and N. Kumphan, Appl. Sci., 2, 641 (2012).
I. W. Khan, A. Naeem, M. Farooq, I. U. din, Z. A. Ghazi and T. Saeed, Energy Convers. Manage., 231, 113854 (2021).
N. J. Abd Rahman, A. Ramli, K. Jumbri and Y. Uemura, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11, 553 (2020).
J.-Z. Liu, Q. Cui, Y.-F. Kang, Y. Meng, M.-Z. Gao, T. Efferth and Y.-J. Fu, Renew. Energy, 133, 261 (2019).
V. B. Veljković, O. S. Stamenković, Z. B. Todorović, M. L. Lazić and D. U. Skala, Fuel, 88, 1554 (2009).
T. H. Dang, B.-H. Chen and D.-J. Lee, Bioresour. Technol., 145, 175 (2013).
M. Farooq, A. Ramli and D. Subbarao, J. Cleaner Prod., 59, 131 (2013).
W. Xie and H. Wang, Renew. Energy, 145, 1709 (2020).
G. Kafuku and M. Mbarawa, Appl. Energ., 87, 2561 (2010).
R. Malhotra and A. Ali, Renew. Energy, 133, 606 (2019).
I. W. Khan, A. Naeem, M. Farooq, Z. A. Ghazi and T. Saeed, Energy Convers. Manage., 231, 113854 (2021).
M. Farooq, A. Ramli, A. Naeem, T. Mahmood, S. Ahmad, M. Humayun and M. G. U. Islam, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 132, 644 (2018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Naeem, A., Zaman, S., Farooq, M. et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil employing natural bentonite supported heterogeneous catalyst: Waste to biodiesel. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 1450–1459 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1068-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1068-5