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Effect of Temperature on the Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Nutrient Budgets of Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Different Sizes

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Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) nutrient budgets of adult steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with different body sizes. A complete two-factor experiment was conducted at four temperatures, i.e., 9 °C (T9), 13 °C (T13), 16 °C (T16), and 19 °C (T19); and three body sizes, i.e., 0.65 kg ± 0.02 kg (S1), 1.22 kg ± 0.06 kg (S2), and 2.05 kg ± 0.09 kg (S3). The following properties of steelhead trout were determined: C, N, and P nutrient budgets; feed intake rate; fecal production rate; oxygen consumption rate; ammonia excretion rate; phosphorus excretion rate; scope of the growth of C, N, and P; and absorption efficiency of C, N, and P. Results showed no significant interaction between temperature and body size in terms of the nutrient budgets of steelhead trout. However, temperature and body size played important separate roles in the nutrient budgets except for the absorption efficiency of nitrogen. The feed intake rate, fecal production rate, ammonia excretion rate, phosphorus excretion rate, and scope of the growth of C, N, and P were the highest in the T16 treatments. The absorption efficiency of C and P decreased as temperature increased. Nonlinear multiple regression results indicated that 15 °C was the approximate optimal temperature for the feeding and growth of steelhead trout. The feed intake rate, fecal production rate, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate, phosphorus excretion rate, and scope of the growth of C, N, and P per unit of the body weight of fish decreased as body size increased. The absorption efficiency of C increased as body weight increased, and the absorption efficiencies of P in the S2 and S3 treatments were significantly higher than those in the S1 treatment. During the culture of steelhead trout, the daily ratio should be adjusted with changes in the temperature and body size of fish. Furthermore, managers should focus on the risk of hypoxia at high water temperatures.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFD0901000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31872575), and the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (No. 2021SFGC0701).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Gong Zhang, Qinfeng Gao, Yangen Zhou, Shuanglin Dong & Meijun Wang

  2. Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Qinfeng Gao & Shuanglin Dong

  3. Fishery Technology Promotion Station of Rongcheng City, Weihai, 264300, China

    Yonggang Gao

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  1. Gong Zhang
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Correspondence to Qinfeng Gao.

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Zhang, G., Gao, Q., Zhou, Y. et al. Effect of Temperature on the Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Nutrient Budgets of Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Different Sizes. J. Ocean Univ. China 21, 1283–1294 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-022-4950-1

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