Abstract
In this study, a mathematical model of multipath channels is established, and the delay parameters of 10-path models are calculated at 300 m. A multipath-channel hardware simulator based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is designed and verified at 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, and 24 MHz transmission frequencies. According to the characteristics of the ocean induction coupling chain channel, the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) algorithm parameters are designed by referring to the wireless communication protocol. The appropriate length cyclic prefix (CP) is added in the OFDM symbol to resist the multipath effect of the seawater channel, and the FPGA hardware transceiver based on the OFDM algorithm is realized. The hardware platform of the ocean induction coupling chain communication system is developed to resist the multipath effect of the seawater channel and tested at 24 MHz. The experimental results show that 800 ns is the best CP length for the developed system, which can effectively resist the multipath effect, with a signal-to-noise ratio above 24 dB and a bit error rate below 1%. This study provides a hardware simulation test platform and an effective method to resist the multipath effect of a seawater channel and improve the transmission performance of the seawater channel.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Rubaye, G. A., Tsimenidis, C. C., and Johnston, M., 2017. Low-density parity check coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for PLC in non-Gaussian noise using LLRs derived from effective noise probability density functions. IET Communications, 11(16): 2425–2432.
Ashri, R., Shaban, H., and El-Nasr, M. A., 2017. A Novel fractional fourier transform-based ASK-OFDM system for underwater acoustic communications. Applied Sciences, 7(12): 1286, https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121286.
Che, X. H., Wells, I., Dickers, G., Kear, P., and Gong, X. C., 2010. Re-evaluation of RF electromagnetic communication in underwater sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(12): 143–151.
Gama, F., Silveira, L., and Salazar, A. O., 2017. Adaptive wavelet coding applied in a wireless control system. Sensors, 17(12): 2901, https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122901.
Goh, J. H., Shaw, A., and Al-Shammaa, A. I., 2009. Underwater wireless communication system. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 178: 012029, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/178/1/012029.
Ha, D. V., Chien, T. V., and Nguyen, V. D., 2016. Proposals of multipath time-variant channel and additive coloured noise modelling for underwater acoustic OFDM-based systems. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Computing, 11(4): 329, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2016.082286.
Hanson, F., and Radic, S., 2008. High bandwidth underwater optical communication. Applied Optics, 47(2): 277.
Harris, D. W., and Duennebier, F. K., 2002. Powering cabled ocean-bottom observatories. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 27(2): 202–211.
Kojiya, T., Sato, F., Matsuki, H., and Sato, T., 2005. Construction of non-contacting power feeding system to underwater vehicle utilizing electromagnetic induction. Europe Oceans, 1: 709–712.
Kong, J., Cui, J., Wu, D., and Gerla, M., 2005. Building under water ad-hoc networks and sensor networks for large scale real-time aquatic applications. MILCOM 2005–2005 IEEE Military Communications Conference, 3: 1535–1541.
Ku, M. L., Han, Y., Wang, B., and Liu, K. J. R., 2017. Joint power waveforming and beamforming for wireless power transfer. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 65(24): 6409–6422, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2017.2755582.
Li, H., Zhang, S., Qin, X., Zhang, X., and Zheng, Y., 2019. Enhanced data transmission rate of XCTD profiler based on OFDM. Journal of Ocean University of China, 18(3): 1079–1085, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-019-3919-1.
Li, J., and Kavehrad, M., 1999. Effects of time selective multipath fading on OFDM systems for broadband mobile applications. IEEE Communications Letters, 3(12): 332–334.
Lloret, J., Sendra, S., Ardid, M., and Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., 2012. Underwater wireless sensor communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. Sensors, 12(4): 4237–4264.
Magableh, A. M., and Jafreh, N., 2017. Exact expressions for the bit error rate and channel capacity of a dual-hop cooperative communication systems over nakagami-m fading channels. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 355(1): 565–573.
Momma, H., and Tsuchiya, T., 1976. Underwater communication by electric current. OCEANS’ 76. Washington, D. C., 631–636.
Preisig, J., 2007. Acoustic propagation considerations for underwater acoustic communications network development. ACM Sigmobile Mobile Computing & Communications Review, 11(4): 2–10, https://doi.org/10.1145/1347364.1347370.
Sellschopp, J., 1997. A towed CTD chain for two-dimensional high resolution hydrography. Deep-Sea Research, 44(1): 147–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00087-8.
Stojanovic, M., and Preisig, J., 2009. Underwater acoustic communication channels: Propagation models and statistical characterization. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(1): 84–89.
Tippmann, J. D., Sarkar, J., Verlinden, C. M. A., Hodgkiss, W. S., and Kuperman, W. A., 2016. Toward ocean attenuation tomography: Determining acoustic volume attenuation coefficients in seawater using eigenray amplitudes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(3): 247.
Wang, J., and Zhang, K., 2017. Low cost positioning with rotating antenna in constrained environment for global navigation satellite systems. Electronics Letters, 54(1): 45–47.
Wu, S., Zhang, W. X., Li, Z. H., Deng, Y., Liang, J. J., Li, F. C., and Lan, H., 2016. Study on the contactless data transmission for ocean underwater vertical sensor structure. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 15(3): 107–114.
Yoshioka, D., Sakamoto, H., Ishihara, Y., Matsumoto, T., and Timischl, F., 2007. Power feeding and data-transmission system using magnetic coupling for an ocean observation mooring buoy. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 43(6): 2663–2665.
Zheng, Y., Guo, X. X., Li, H. Z., Wang, X. R., and Zhang, X. Y., 2019. Design of algorithm for multicarrier modulation to improve transmission performance of inductive coupling temperature-salinity-depth chain. IEEE Communications Letters, 23(6): 995–998.
Zheng, Y., Wang, X. R., Zhang, X. W., Li, H. Z., and Jin, X. Y., 2018. Improving transmission reliability of inductive coupling temperature-salinity-depth mooring cable system. Ocean Engineering, 147: 488–495.
Zhou, Y., Wang, W., Deng, H., Wang, C., Fan, R., Luo, W., and Xie, G., 2016. Communication distance correlates positively with emitter current in underwater electric current communication. 35th Chinese Control Conference. Chengdu, 6397–6402.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2017YFC140 3403, 2017YFC1403304).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, Y., Lu, Y., Fei, C. et al. Design Method of an Ocean Induction Coupling Chain Communication System that Resists the Multipath Effect of a Seawater Channel. J. Ocean Univ. China 20, 87–93 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4416-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4416-x