Abstract
This paper explores Egyptian influence in Late Bronze Age Cyprus through the lens of cultural hybridity. It draws specifically on Bhabha’s concept of the third space, identified here as an in-between space where two (or more) cultural identities mix and become materially entangled. Key for such an analysis of Cypro-Egyptian contacts is the understanding that this place need not have any direct political dimensions but instead could be a fluid space characterized by diverse contact situations. The focus is Egyptian(izing) objects from Enkomi, which highlight the cultural impact of New Kingdom Cypro-Egyptian cultural contacts.
Résumé
Cet article explore l’influence égyptienne dans la Chypre de l’Âge de bronze tardif à la lumière de l’hybridité culturelle. Il s’inspire plus particulièrement du concept du tiers-espace de Bhabha, représenté ici comme un espace intermédiaire où deux identités culturelles (ou plus) se combinent et deviennent significativement entremêlées. Pour procéder à une telle analyse des contacts chypro-égyptiens, il est essentiel de reconnaître que ce milieu ne nécessite pas de dimensions politiques directes, mais qu’il s’agirait plutôt d’un espace fluide caractérisé par des contacts en situations variées. Des objets égyptiens (et égyptisants) d’Enkomi en sont le point focal, lesquels révèlent l’impact culturel des contacts culturels du nouveau royaume chypro-égyptien.
Resumen
Este artículo explora la influencia egipcia en el Chipre de la Edad del Bronce a través de la lente de la hibridez cultural. Se basa específicamente en el concepto de Bhabha del tercer espacio, identificado aquí como un espacio intermedio donde dos (o más) identidades culturales se mezclan y se entrelazan materialmente. La clave para tal análisis de los contactos chipriotas-egipcios es comprender que este lugar no necesita tener ninguna dimensión política directa, sino que podría ser un espacio fluido caracterizado por diversas situaciones de contacto. La atención se centra en los objetos egipcios y de influencia egipcia de Enkomi, que destacan el impacto cultural de los contactos culturales chipriotas-egipcios del Nuevo Reino.
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Notes
Identified as a Kohl bottle on the website; but more likely a beer beaker. I am grateful to Christian Knoblauch for this identification.
I am grateful to Bill Manley for reading this inscription.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Christian Langer for inviting me to contribute to this special edition. I am grateful to Bill Manley for help with some of the Egyptian inscriptions, in particular for confirming the reading of Senoswret I’s praenomen, and to Christian Knoblauch and Katharina Zinn for discussion of Egyptian material culture. Given Covid restrictions at time of research it was not possible to handle the objects under discussion myself and I have been dependent on the photos and descriptions provided on the website as well as the information provided in the publications cited.
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Appendix: Catalogue of Egyptian(izing) Objects from Enkomi, British Museum Excavations
Appendix: Catalogue of Egyptian(izing) Objects from Enkomi, British Museum Excavations
Context: S. Surface find; U. unprovenanced.
This does not include carnelian beads, as it is not always clear that these were of Egyptian manufacture, except possibly the barrel beads. Nonetheless, the raw material probably derives from Egypt.
Catalogue Number | Material | Type | Dimensions | Decoration/ inscription | Context | Date | BM Accession Number | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Travertine | Amphoriskos (J: cup) | H: 5.8 cm; Diam: 11 cm | Tomb 83/3 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1180 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 31 | |
2 | Travertine | Amphoriskos (J: cup) | H: 9 cm; Diam: 6.20 cm; W: 6 cm | U.294 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1315 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 18 | |
3 | Travertine | Amphora | H: 15 cm; Max. Diam: 12.4 cm | Black paint, faintly preserved on one side: Double framed row of petals around upper neck and semi-circular floral garland on shoulder | Tomb 53/14 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.990 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 33 |
4 | Travertine | Lentoid flask | H: 33.9 cm; Max Diam: 22.4 cm | U.295 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1336 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 60 | |
5 | Travertine | Amphora | H: 18 cm; Max Diam: 8.6 cm | Tomb 67/86 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1090 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 43 | |
6 | Travertine | Vessel: | H: 13.2 cm; Max. Diam: 6.8 cm | Tomb 91/22 | New Kingdom? | 18,970,401.1285 | Bevan 2007, type Es6 | |
7 | Ivory (hippo) | Duck-head (part of cosmetic box) | L: 7.2 cm; H: 2.3 cm; W: 2 cm | U.196 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1344 | ||
8 | Ivory | Fragment of ivory duck cosmetic box | L:7.2 cm; H: 2.1 cm; W: 3.8 cm | U.212 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1350 | ||
9 | Ivory | Lower part of an ivory duck-shaped box | L: 15 cm; W: 5.2 cm; Max H: 3.1 cm | Tomb 24/34 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.884 | ||
10 | Ivory | Lower part of an ivory duck-shaped box | L: 10.1 cm; W: 4.5 cm; H: 2 cm | U.213 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1351 | ||
11 | Ivory | Swimmer cosmetic spoon | L: 24.7 cm; Max. H: 7.6 cm; W: 7.1 cm | Tomb 75/39 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1125 | ||
12 | Ivory | Staff/Walking stick | H: 4.1c; Max Diam: 3.3 cm | 3 carved horizontal lines at the base | U.207 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.145 | |
13 | Faience | Finger ring | Diam: 1.8 cm (inner); Diam: 2.8 cm (outer); Bezel L: 2.5 cm; W: 1.1 cm | Plain bezel | Tomb 60/3 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.790 | |
14 | Faience | Bead | Diam: 2.1 cm; Th: 0.5 cm | Tomb 47/4 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.189 | ||
15 | Glazed/ faience | Lentoid flask | H: 11.8 cm; W: 9.1 cm; Th: 4.2 cm | Tomb 69/4 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1111 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 168 | |
16 | Glass | Amphoriskos | H: 11.2 cm; Max D. 5 cm | Tomb 66/29 | Late Eighteenth Dynasty? | 18,970,401.1055 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 97 | |
17 | Glass | Lentoid flask | H: (restored) 9 cm; Max Diam: 7.3 cm | Tomb 66/31 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1053 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 87 | |
18 | Faience | Shallow bowl | Diam: 13.8 cm; H: 4.9 cm; Th: 0.4 cm | Tomb 12/9 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.858 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 186 | |
19 | Faience | Shallow bowl | Diam: 9.8 cm; H: 3.8 cm | Tomb 66/34 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1049 | ||
20 | Faience | Shallow bowl | Diam: 13.7 cm; H: 4.1 cm | Tomb 83/B | Eighteenth Dynasty | 1897,0401.1180 + | Jacobsson 1994, no. 201 | |
21 | Faience | Shallow bowl | Diam: 23 cm; H: 4.7 cm | Tomb 66/38 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 1897,0401.1042 | Crewe 2009, no. 122 Jacobsson 1994, no. 164 | |
22 | Faience | Flask (?) | H: 15.5 cm; Diam (rim): 4.9cml Th: 0.4 cm | Tomb 12/13 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 1897,0401.854 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 237 | |
23 | Faience | BeakerFootnote 1 | H: 22.5 cm; Diam: 9.8 cm | Decorated with Egyptian god Heh holding lotus flowers and palm ribs; the lower part shows a lotus flower | Tomb 61/1 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.999 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 238 |
24 | Faience | Lentoid flask | H: 13.7 cm; Max Diam: 10.0 cm | Tomb 45/2 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.959 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 169 | |
25 | Faience | Lentoid flask (incomplete) | Pres. H: 12.1 cm; Max. Diam: 11.8 cm | Tomb 47/5 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.960 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 170 | |
26 | Faience | Stirrup jar | H: 8.1 cm; Diam: 8.3 cm | row of petals framed by double horizontal lines on shoulder; rosette on top of false neck | Tomb 80/1 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.11 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 232 |
27 | Glass | Round-bottomed juglet | H: 8.8 cm; Max. Diam: 5.1 cm | Tomb 93/5 | Late Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.1295 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 110 | |
28 | Faience | Scarab | H: 0.80 cm; L: 1.6 cm; W: 1.1 cm | Maat feather, uraeus and neb sign; very worn | U.78 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.763 | Kenna 1971, no. 104 |
29 | Faience | Scarab | H: 0.9 cm; L: 1.9 cm; W: 1.5 cm | Prenomen of Ramses III, poorly preserved | Tomb 24/10 | Twentieth Dynasty | 18,970,401.29 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 257 |
30 | Faience | Scarab | H: 0.8 cm; L: 1.7 cm; W: 1.4 cm | Name of Queen Tiye, poorly preserved: hmt-nswt-ty | Tomb 93/8 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.608 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 251 |
31 | Glazed composition | Scarab | H: 0.8 cm; L: 1.9 cm; W: 1.4 cm | 6 concentric circles joined by crossing diagonal lines and four circular impressions | U.77 | Second Intermediate Period | 18,970,401.761 | |
32 | Glazed composition | Scarab | H: 0.7 cm; L: 1.7 cm; W: 1.3 cm | Prenomen of Thutmose III in an oval between two maat feathers with uraei: mn-Xpr-ro; glaze worn and faded to white | Tomb 33/1 | Nineteenth Dynasty copy? | 18,970,401.694 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 250 Kenna 1971, no. 105 Peltenburg 1986, 165, no. 3 |
33 | Glazed Steatite | Scarab | H: 0.6 cm; L: 1.25 cm; W: 0.9 cm | Prenomen of Ramses II: wsr-m#ot-ro ztp.n-r' | U.269 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.760 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 255 Kenna 1971, no. 81 |
34 | Glazed Steatite | Scarab | H: 0.8 cm; L: 1.7 cm; W: 1.3 cm | Red crown of lower Egypt and a djed pillar, neb signs above and below Nb-n-Dd-nb | S.14 | Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.759 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 282; Kenna 1971, no. 106 Peltenburg 1986, 165, no. 2 |
35 | Glazed Steatite | Scarab | L. 1.65; Th. 0.7; W. 1.15 cm | Praenomen of Senwosret I (hpr-k#-ro),flanked on either side by an uzat eye, an ankh and a was sceptre and seemingly reworked | S.15 | Twelfth Dynasty | 18,990,604.3 | |
36 | Carnelian | Scarab | H: 0.8 cm; L: 1.65 cm; W: 1.2 cm | Hole drilled longitudinally; engraved lines demarking elytra, head and legs; plain base | Tomb 79/1 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.436 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 292 Kenna 1971, no. 64 |
37 | Carnelian | Pendant: horizontal suspension hole drilled through projection at back at shoulder level | H: 2.80 cm; Th: 1.0 cm; W: 1.15 cm | Carved and polished figure of Ptah; wears a close-fitting garment with embroidered band down the middle in front; facial details engraved; | S.6 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.769 | Jacobsson, 1994, no.318 |
38 | Carnelian | Pendant | H: 1.9 cm; Diam: 0.8 cm | Lotus-seed shaped | U.60 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.770 | |
39 | Gold | 2 gold pendants in the form of a fly | L. 1.1 cm | Tomb 19/88 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.151 | ||
40 | Gold | 14 gold pendants in the form of a fly | L. 0.9 cm | Tomb70/1; Tomb 70/2 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.397 18,970,401.398 | ||
41 | Gold and glazed | Usekh collar | [check Goring] | (a) Sixty-two long husk-shaped pendants; (b) twenty-one double pendants, each with three divisions containing blue and red vitreous paste; (c) ten double pendants, each with two unequal compartments containing red and blue vitreous paste; (d) eleven double pendants and part of a twelfth, each divided into three cloisonné compartments filled with white, red and blue vitreous paste; (e) thirteen convex discs; (f) three egg-shaped convex pendants; (g) two pendants in the form of lotus-flowers with cloisonné leaves filled with blue, red and white vitreous paste; (h) four fragments of tubes. Inset material examined by Research Lab 14/08/72 and is not enamel. Probably filling and backing for inlay | Tomb 93/194 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.54 | Goring 1983, 254–9, no. 559 |
42 | Gold & blue glazed | Swivelling bezel set in gold mounting; wire twisted around the hoop | Diam (inner): 1.9 cm; Diam (outer) 2.7 cm; L (scaraboid): 1.5 cm; W: 0.9 cm; Wt: 7.42 g | Scaraboid of blue glazed composition | Tomb 67/61 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.352 | Goring 1983, no. 669 |
43 | Gold | Scaraboid ring with swivelling bezel with wire coiled around ring hoop; scaraboid bezel set in a gold mounting | W: 1.0 cm; Wt: 12.41 Diam (inner): 1.8 cm; Diam (outer): 2.5 cm; L: 1.4 cm; | Scaraboid missing, probably originally glazed composition | Tomb 93/150 | New Kingdom | 19,000,615.48 | Goring 1983, no. 667 |
44 | Gold & glazed composition | Scaraboid ring (Egyptianizing) | Diam (inner): 2.0 cm; Diam (outer): 3.0 cm; L: 1.7 cm; W: 1.2 cm; Wt: 21.08 g | Gold finger-ring; Egyptian or Egyptianizing type with swivelling bezel; round-sectioned hoop tapering towards splayed, pierced ends; bezel swivelled around a wire inserted through the pierced ends and block-twisted around the hoop; bezel is of scaraboid form set in a gold mounting, scaraboid of glazed composition extremely poorly preserved | Tomb 66/92 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.276 | Goring 1983, no. 668 |
45 | Gold & glazed composition | Scaraboid ring (Egyptianizing) | Diam (inner): 1.8 cm; Diam (outer): 2.6 cm; L: 1.5 cm; W: 1.2 cm; Wt: 8.65 g | Pale gold finger-ring; Egyptian or Egyptianizing type with swivelling bezel; round-sectioned hoop tapering towards splayed, pierced ends; hammering marks; bezel swivelled around a wire inserted through the pierced ends and block-twisted around the hoop; bezel is of scaraboid form set in a gold mounting, scaraboid of brown glazed composition poorly preserved | Tomb 67/62 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.353 | Goring 1983, no. 670 |
46 | Gold | Pale gold signet -ring of Egyptian type; very large and heavy; stirrup-shaped with oval bezel. Very worn | Diam (inner): 1.9 cm; Diam (outer): 3.1 cm; Bezel L: 2.7 cm; W: 1.6 cm; Wt: 49.75 g | Engraved design depicting a sun disc above a queen wearing the modius and feathers of Maat, she is standing before a seated king offering him a lily, below this is a lion; Possibly to be identified as Amehotep III and Queen Tiye, Akhenaten and Nefertiti or Tutankhamen and Ankesanamun | Crewe S7 | Eighteenth Dynasty (Amarna period) | 18,970,401.741 | Goring 1983, no 974 Jacobsson 1994: no. 306 Kenna 1971, no. 43 |
47 | Gold | Signet stirrup-shaped ring with oval bezel. Signs of wear. Possibly Egyptian but probably Cypriot Egyptianizing | Diam (inner): 1.7 cm; Diam (outer): 2.3 cm; L: 1.7 cm; W: 1.0 cm; Wt: 14.39 g | 2 pairs of antithetic uraei flanking a nefer sign | Tomb 93/78 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 19,000,615.3 | Goring 1983, no. 673 Jacobsson 1994, no. 303 Kenna 1971, no. 63 |
48 | Gold | Stirrup-shaped signet ring | Diam (inner): 1.9 cm; Diam (outer): 2.4 cm; L: 2.0 cm; W: 1.1 cm; Wt: 15.45 g | Hieroglyphic inscription: Mwt nbw t#wy (Mut of the gold of the twin lands) Or: Mwt nbw(ty) t3wy (Mut golden one of the twin lands)Footnote 2 | Tomb 19/80 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.95 | Goring 1983, no. 672 Jacobsson 1994, no. 302 Kenna 1971, no. 62 |
49 | Silver | Stirrup-shaped signet ring | Diam: 2.8 cm; Th: 0.5 cm; L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Wt: 34.55 g | Hieroglyphic inscription with invocation of Ptah and Ra-Horakhty and naming the king Nefer-Kheperu-re (Akhenaten) | Tomb 93/207 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.617 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 308 Kenna 1971, no. 48 |
50 | Silver | Stirrup-shaped signet ring Egyptianizing? | Diam: 1.6 cm; Th: 0.2 cm; L: 1.4 cm; W: 0.8 cm; Wt: 1.78 g | Bes with a tail and wearing a feathered crown, near his right hand is a curved object, perhaps a snake or sceptre | Tomb 93/208 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.618 | Kenna 1971, no. 51 |
51 | Silver | Stirrup-shaped signet ring | Diam (inner): 1.7 cm; Diam (outer): 2.5 cm;: 2.2 cm; W: 1.3 cm; Wt: 16.88 g | Crowned hawk behind which is a sun disc; surface poorly preserved and very worn | U.264 | Eighteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.78 | Jacobsson 1994, no. 307 Kenna 1971, no. 44 |
52 | Silver | Stirrup-shaped signet ring | Diam (inner): 1.6 cm; Diam (uter): 2.3 cm; L: 1.6 cm; W: 1.0 cm; Wt: 7.71 cm | Surface too corroded to make out any design | Tomb 67/82 | New Kingdom | 19,690,701.51 | Kenna 1971, no. 35b |
53 | Bronze | Stirrup-shaped signet ring | Diam (inner): 1.2 cm; Diam (outer): 1.5 cm; L. 1.0 cm; W: 0.7 cm; Wt: 1.93 g | Figure of Bes to front with hands on knees and wearing a crown of feathers; uraeus on either side | Tomb 69/1 | New Kingdom | 18,970,401.360 | Catling 1964, 234–5, no. 2 Jacobsson 1994, no. 312 Kenna 1971, no. 35 |
54 | Bronze | Stirrup-shaped signet ring Egyptianizing? | H: 0.7 cm; L: 2.1 cm; W: 1.0 cm | Name of Isis, figure of Ra, and an adorer | Tomb 67/3 | Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty | 18,970,401.355 | Catling 1964, 234, no. 1 Jacobsson 1994, no. 313 Kenna 1971, no. 34 |
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Steel, L. Enkomi and Egypt: Exploring the Third Space in Cyprus. Arch 19, 129–168 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-023-09476-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-023-09476-3