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Tatcharakteristika, Rückfallrisiko und Rückfallprognose bei Sexualstraftätern vom Jugend- bis ins Seniorenalter

Offending Characteristics, Risk of Recidivism and Prediction of Reoffence in Sex Offenders, from Adolescence to later Adulthood

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Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Grundlage der Studie war eine Totalerhebung der in Berlin zwischen 1994 und 1999 polizeilich angezeigten sexuellen Gewalt- und Missbrauchsdelikte (N = 2.446). Es wurde analysiert, inwiefern sich die Gruppe der älteren Täter über 60 Jahre (n = 68) hinsichtlich Vordeliktbelastungen, Anlasstaten und Rückfallquoten von den 273 jugendlichen und den 2.105 erwachsenen Tätern unterscheiden und inwieweit das Alter die Rückfallrisiken erneuter Sexual- oder Gewaltdelikte moderiert. Weiterer Schwerpunkt war die Untersuchung der Vorhersagbarkeit einschlägiger und nicht sexueller Gewalttaten bei den älteren Tätern anhand des static-99.

Eine Analyse der Vorbelastungen zeigte, dass die Senioren hinsichtlich einschlägiger Delikte zwar mit den jüngeren Erwachsenen vergleichbar, jedoch wesentlich seltener mit sexuellen und nicht sexuellen Gewaltdelikten polizeilich bekannt waren. Sexuelle Missbrauchsdelikte waren hingegen sowohl bei den einschlägigen Vordelikten als auch bei den Anlasstaten häufiger und die Tatbilder zeigten hinsichtlich der Intensität der sexuellen Handlungen und der Gewaltanwendung einen geringeren Schweregrad. Auch ergaben sich bei den Senioren erwartungsgemäß geringere einschlägige Rückfallraten als bei den jüngeren erwachsenen Tätern, ein sexuelles Gewaltdelikt im Rückfall wurde nur bei einem Täter der höchsten Altersgruppe beobachtet. Die differenzierte Analyse der altersabhängigen Rückfallquoten deutete dementsprechend auf einen Alterseffekt zunächst zunehmender und im weiteren Verlauf dann wieder nachlassender Rückfallrisiken, wobei der Scheitelpunkt bei Tätern mit sexuellen Missbrauchsdelikten im Vergleich zu den Tätern mit sexuellen Gewaltdelikten jedoch erst deutlich später eintrat. Bei den sexuellen Gewalttätern schienen die Risiken hingegen für die jüngeren Altersgruppen eher konstant und ab dem mittleren Erwachsenenalter dann sinkend. Trotz dieser Alterseffekte konnte der static-99 bei den Senioren den einschlägigen Rückfall vergleichbar gut prognostizieren wie für die Gesamtgruppe.

Abstract

The basis of this study was a census of all offenses of sexual assault and sexual abuse that were reported to the Berlin police between 1994 and 1999 (N = 2,446). The purpose was to analyse the particularities of elderly offenders (60 years or older, n = 68) compared to the 273 juvenile and the 2,105 younger adult offenders with regard to prior offenses, index offenses and recidivism rates. Furthermore, the analysis focused on the prediction of sexual and violent reoffence by means of the static-99 within the elderly age group.

The analysis showed that the rate of former sexual offence committed by seniors was comparable to the younger adults; however, sexual and non-sexual violent pre-offences were much less frequent. On the other hand, the seniors were more frequently involved in sexual abuse, their modus operandi showed lesser degrees of intensity of the sexual acts and less use of force and violence (even among sexual abusers only) and group-offence was definitely uncommon. Furthermore the rate of sexual reoffence was similar to the juvenile offenders, but lower in comparison to adult offenders younger than 60 years. A more sophisticated analysis of the age-effects on recidivism-rates confirmed the anticipation of growing risks until middle adulthood and decreasing risks of reoffence afterwards. However, an explicit trajectory of first growing and than decreasing risks in the course of aging could only be found among offenders with sexual abuse, whereas the zenith was shifted in elderly stages of age. On the other hand, among offenders with sexual assaults, the risks of sexual reoffending seemed rather similar until the middle adulthood and increasingly lower in later stages. In spite of these aging-effects and the particularities of the elderly sexual offenders, the static-99 predicted sexual reoffence among the senior offenders quite well and there was no difference in comparison with the total sample.

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Notes

  1. Durch diese Neuzuordnung ergab sich folgende Verteilung der Untersuchungsgruppe: unter 20 Jahre: n = 400; 20–29 Jahre: n = 586; 30–39 Jahre: n = 741; 40–49 Jahre: n = 411; 50–59 Jahre: n = 240 und 60 Jahre und älter: n = 68.

  2. Level 1: 0–1 Punkt; Level 2: 2–3 Punkte; Level 3: 4–5 Punkte; Level 4: 6 Punkte und mehr.

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Dahle, KP., Janka, C., Gallasch-Nemitz, F. et al. Tatcharakteristika, Rückfallrisiko und Rückfallprognose bei Sexualstraftätern vom Jugend- bis ins Seniorenalter. Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol 3, 210–220 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-009-0007-1

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