Abstract
The Brazilian coastal zone comprises several types of environments, including lagoons and beaches, chosen for this study, which evaluate benthic meiofauna spatial distribution patterns in three areas, suffering different disturbance levels, throughout the Brazilian Amazon coast. Sediments from three areas (São Marcos Beach – Low level of disturbance; Calhau Beach – Medium level of disturbance; and Jansen Lagoon – High level of disturbance), in São Luís city (Maranhão, Brazil), were sampled for meiofauna assessments, granulometry and organic matter analyses. A total of 7,254 meiofaunal organisms were identified, 4,371 at São Marcos Beach, 1,856 at Jansen Lagoon, and 1,027 at Calhau Beach. The findings indicate that richness, density, and community structures differed significantly among the sampled areas. Nematoda and Copepoda were the most abundant groups. Copepoda stood out in São Marcos Beach compared to other taxa. Nematoda dominated in Jansen Lagoon. Calhau Beach presented the lowest density and richness values, with Tardigrada as the predominant meiofaunal group. Additionally, the composition of meiofauna was influenced by environmental variables, such as salinity, OM, sediment grain size and nitrate concentration, as well as anthropogenic activities taking place in the sampled areas. Considering the lack of studies in the region with this focus, it is expected that the results presented will contribute to public policies development aimed to conservation of the coastal zone in São Luís.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alves AS, Adão H, Ferrero TJ, Marques JC, Costa MJ, Patrício J (2013) Benthic meiofauna as indicator of ecological changes in estuarine ecosystems: the use of nematodes in ecological quality assessment. Ecol Indic 24:462–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.013
Anderson MJ (2014) Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Wiley Statsref: Statistics Reference Online 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841
Ariza E, Jimenez JA, Sarda R, Villares M, Pinto J, Sansbello RMF, Roca E, Llambrich CM, Valdemoro H, Ballester R, Fluvia M (2010) Proposal for an integral quality index for urban and urbanized beaches. Environ Manage 45:998–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9472-8
Baia E, Venekey V (2019) Distribution patterns of meiofauna on a tropical macrotidal sandy beach, with special focus on nematodes (Caixa d’Água, Amazon Coast, Brazil). Braz J Oceanogr 67. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592019023006701
Balsamo M, Semprucci F, Frontalini F, Coccioni R (2012) Meiofauna as a tool for marine ecosystem biomonitoring. In: Cruzado A (ed) Marine Ecosystems. IntechOpen, London, pp 77–104. https://doi.org/10.5772/34423
Barroso CX, Matthews-Cascon H (2009) Distribuição espacial e temporal da malacofauna no estuário do rio Ceará, Ceará, Brasil. Pan Am J Aquat Sci 4(1):79–86
Bertocci I et al (2019) Multiple human pressures in coastal habitats: variation of meiofaunal assemblages associated with sewage discharge in a post-industrial area. Sci Total Environ 655:1218–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.121
Bianchelli S, Pusceddu A, Buschi E, Danovaro R (2016a) Trophic status and meiofauna biodiversity in the Northern Adriatic Sea: insights for the assessment of good environmental status. Mar Environ Res 113:18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.10.010
Bianchelli S, Buschi E, Danovaro R, Pusceddu A (2016b) Biodiversity loss and turnover in alternative states in the Mediterranean Sea: a case study on meiofauna. Sci Rep 6(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34544
Bongers T, Ferris H (1999) Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends Ecol Evol 14(6):224–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01583-3
Bouwman LA, Romeijn K, Admiraal W (1984) On the ecology of meiofauna in an organically polluted estuarine mudflat. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 19(6):633–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(84)90020-9
Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Resolução CONAMA Nº 357, de 17 de março de 2005.
Carriço R, Zeppilli D, Quillien N, Grall J (2013) Can meiofauna be a good biological indicator of the impacts of eutrophication caused by green macroalgal blooms? Anaod CM 2:9–16
Cifoni M, Boggero A, Galassi DMP, Di Lorenzo T (2021) An overview of studies on meiofaunal traits of the littoral zone of lakes. Water 13(4):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040473
Clarke KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18(1):117–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria, c2022. Disponível em: https://www.R-project.org/
Coull BC (1999) Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft-bottom habitats. Aust J Ecol 24(4):327–343. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00979.x
Cui C, Zhang Z, Hua E (2021) Meiofaunal community spatial distribution and diversity as indicators of ecological quality in the Bohai Sea, China. J Ocean Univ China 20:409–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4550-5
Cutrim MVJ, Ferreira FS, dos Santos AKD, Cavalcanti LF, de Oliveira Araújo B, Azevedo-Cutrim ACG, Oliveira ALL (2019) Trophic state of an urban coastal lagoon (northern Brazil), seasonal variation of the phytoplankton community and environmental variables. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 216:98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.013
da Silva VC, Nascimento AR, Mourão APC, Neto SVC, Costa FN (2008) Contaminação por Enterococcus da água das praias do município de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão. Acta Sci Technol 30(2):187–192. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v30i2.5492
da Silva IR, Pereira LCC, Guimarães D, de Trindade O, Asp WN, Costa N RMC (2009) Environmental status of urban beaches in São Luís (Amazon coast, Brazil). J Coast Res 56:1301–1305
da Silva IR, Pereira LCC, Trindade WN, Magalhães A, da Costa RM (2013) Natural and anthropogenic processes on the recreational activities in urban Amazon beaches. Ocean Coast Manage 76:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.12.016
Danovaro R, Pusceddu A (2007) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal lagoons: does microbial diversity play any role? Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 75(1–2):4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.02.030
de Oliveira EB, Soares-Gomes A (2003) Impact of a point source domestic sewage on intertidal meiofauna at Charitas Beach, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Coast Res 35:573–579
De Troch M, Roelofs M, Riedel B, Grego M (2013) Structural and functional responses of harpacticoid copepods to anoxia in the Northern Adriatic: an experimental approach. Biogeosciences 10(6):4259–4272. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4259-2013
Defeo O et al (2009) Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 81(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.022
di Montanara AC, Baldrighi E, Franzo A, Catani L, Grassi E, Sandulli R, Semprucci F (2022) Free-living nematodes research: state of the art, prospects, and future directions. A bibliometric analysis approach. Ecol Inf 72:101891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101891
Espírito Santo JM (2006) São Luís: Uma Leitura da Cidade. Instituto de Pesquisa e Planificação da Cidade (IPLAM), São Luís, MA
Estado O (2016) “Língua Negra” permanece desaguando no mar, em SL. Available at: https://oestadoma.com/noticias/2016/11/08/lingua-negra-permanece-desaguando-no-mar-em-sl/. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
Estado O (2017) Língua negra é registrada mais uma vez na orla de São Luís. Available at: https://oestadoma.com/noticias/2017/01/04/lingua-negra-e-registrada-mais-uma-vez-na-orla-de-sao-luis/. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
Estado O (2020) Com língua negra, banho de mar pode não dar sorte no Réveillon. Available at: https://oestadoma.com/noticias/2020/01/01/com-lingua-negra-banho-de-mar-pode-nao-dar-sorte-no-reveillon/. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
O Estado (2021) Língua Negra: fenômeno ocorre com recorrência em alguns pontos de SL. Available at: https://oestadoma.com/noticias/2021/08/17/lingua-negra-fenomeno-ocorre-com-recorrencia-em-alguns-pontos-de-sl/. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
Fernandes JFF, Freitas J, de Araújo SA, de Santana TC, Lobato RS, Figueiredo MB (2022) Reproductive biology of the lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus 1758) (Perciformes, Lutjanidae), in the Maranhão continental shelf, Northeast of Brazil. Environ Biol Fishes 105(8):1033–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-022-01310-z
Ferraz MA, Kiyama AC, Primel EG, Barbosa SC, Castro ÍB, Choueri RB, Gallucci F (2022) Does pH variation influence the toxicity of organic contaminants in estuarine sediments? Effects of Irgarol on nematode assemblages. Sci Total Environ 815:152944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152944
Folk RL, Ward WC (1957) Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sediment Res 27(1):3–26. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
Forster SJ (1998) Osmotic stress tolerance and osmoregulation of intertidal and subtidal nematodes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 224(1):109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00192-5
Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An R Companion to Applied Regression, 3rd. ed. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Available at: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/. Accessed 14 Jul 2022
G1 MA (2019) Pela terceira vez em 2019, ‘língua negra’ é registrada em praia de São Luís. Available at: https://g1.globo.com/ma/maranhao/noticia/2019/12/23/pela-terceira-vez-em-2019-lingua-negra-e-registrada-em-praia-de-sao-luis.ghtml. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
G1 MA (2018) “Língua Negra” em direção a praia preocupa banhistas no Maranhão. Available at: https://g1.globo.com/ma/maranhao/noticia/lingua-negra-em-direcao-a-praia-preocupa-ambientalistas-no-maranhao.ghtml. Accessed 23 Jul 2022
Gama LR, Sousa MM, Almeida IC, Caridade EO, Ferreira-Correia MM, Terceiro AM (2011) Microfitoplâncton das baías do Golfão Maranhense e litoral oriental do estado do Maranhão. Bol Lab Hidrobiol 24(1):13–26. https://doi.org/10.18764/
Gheskiere T, Vincx M, Urban-Malinga B, Rossano C, Scapini F, Degraer S (2005) Nematodes from wave-dominated sandy beaches: diversity, zonation patterns and testing of the isocommunities concept. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62(1–2):365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.09.024
Giere O (2009) Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68661-3
Guayanaz ACCF, dos Santos TWF, Praseres ECM, Lago ADCR, Santos JDFL (2022) Resíduos sólidos em duas praias urbanas da Ilha de São Luís-MA, Brasil: solid waste in two urban beaches of São Luís Island-MA, Brazil. Stud Environ Anim Sci 3(2):452–460. https://doi.org/10.54020/seasv3n2-023
Hicks GF, Coull BC (1983) The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Oceanogr Mar Biol 21:67–175
Hourston M, Potter IC, Warwick RM, Valesini FJ, Clarke KR (2009) Spatial and seasonal variations in the ecological characteristics of the free-living nematode assemblages in a large microtidal estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 82(2):309–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.01.018
Hure M, Batistić M, Kovačević V, Bensi M, Garić R (2020) Copepod community structure in pre-and post-winter conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean). J Mar Sci Eng 8(8):567. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080567
Ibañez Rojas MOA, Neto JJGC, Siqueira LFS, Cavalcante PRS (2013) Caracterização físico-química do sedimento da Laguna da Jansen, São Luis, MA. Acta Tecnol 8(2):25–29. https://doi.org/10.35818/acta.v8i2.222
Jonathan EI (2022) Nematology Fundamentals & Applications (2nd revised & Enlarged Edition). New India Publishing Agency
Kinchin IM (1994) The Biology of Tardigrades. Portland Press, London
La Valle FF, Kantar MB, Nelson CE (2021) Coral reef benthic community structure is associated with the spatiotemporal dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge chemistry. Limnol Oceanogr 66(1):188–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11596
Laurino IR, Turra A (2021) The threat of freshwater input on sandy beaches: a small-scale approach to assess macrofaunal changes related to salinity reduction. Mar Environ Res 171:105459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105459
Levene H (1960) Robust tests for the equality of variance. In: Olkin I (ed) Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, pp 278–292
Losi V, Grassi E, Balsamo M, Rocchi M, Gaozza L, Semprucci F (2021) Changes in taxonomic structure and functional traits of nematodes as tools in the assessment of port impact. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 260:107524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107524
Machado AMB, Rodrigues TCS (2020) Comparação de métodos de classificação para o mapeamento da cobertura da terra no setor norte da ilha do Maranhão. Geosciences 39(4):1129–1140. https://doi.org/10.5016/geociencias.v39i04.14128
Masullo YAG (2016) Evolução do processo de urbanização e alterações ambientais na praia de São Marcos, São Luís-MA. Rev Espaço Geogr 19(2):561–595
McLachlan A, Defeo O (2017) The ecology of sandy shores. Academic Press
Medellín-Mora J, Escribano R, Corredor-Acosta A, Hidalgo P, Schneider W (2021) Uncovering the composition and diversity of pelagic copepods in the oligotrophic blue water of the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Front Mar Sci 8:625842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.625842
Mirto S, Gristina M, Sinopoli M, Maricchiolo G, Genovese L, Vizzini S, Mazzola A (2012) Meiofauna as an indicator for assessing the impact of fish farming at an exposed marine site. Ecol Indic 18:468–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.12.015
Moore CG, Bett BJ (1989) The use of meiofauna in marine pollution impact assessment. Zool J Linn Soc 96(3):263–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb02260.x
Moreno M, Ferrero TJ, Granelli V, Marin V, Albertelli G, Fabiano M (2006) Across shore variability and trophodynamic features of meiofauna in a 47 microtidal beach of the NW Mediterranean. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 66:357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.08.016
Moreno M, Vezzulli L, Marin V, Laconi P, Albertelli G, Fabiano M (2008) The use of meiofauna diversity as an indicator of pollution in harbours. ICES J Mar Sci 65(8):1428–1435. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn116
Moreno M, Semprucci F, Vezzulli L, Balsamo M, Fabiano M, Albertelli G (2011) The use of nematodes in assessing ecological quality status in the Mediterranean coastal ecosystems. Ecol Indic 11(2):328–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.05.011
Mouawad R, Daou C, Khalaf G, Hage K, Lteif M (2012) The study of meiofaunal communities on lebanese sandy beaches and evaluation of water quality. INOCCNRS Land-Sea Interactions in the Coastal Zone, Jounieh-Lebanon, pp 06–08
Oksanem J et al (2022) Vegan: Community Ecology Package. Version 2.6-2. R package
Paoli L, Grassi A, Vannini A, Maslaňáková I, Bil’ová I, Bačkor M, Loppi S (2015) Epiphytic lichens as indicators of environmental quality around a municipal solid waste landfill (C Italy). Waste Manag 42:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.033
Peña-Alonso C, Hernández-Calvento L, Pérez-Chacón E, Ariza-Solé E (2017) The relationship between heritage, recreational quality and geomorphological vulnerability in the coastal zone: a case study of beach systems in the Canary Islands. Ecol Indic 82:420–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.014
Penna N, Capellacci S, Ricci F (2004) The influence of the Po River discharge on phytoplankton bloom dynamics along the coastline of Pesaro (Italy) in the Adriatic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 48(3–4):321–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.08.007
Pereira DP, Santos DMS, Carvalho Neta AV, Cruz CF, Carvalho Neta RNF (2014) Alterações morfológicas em brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces, Cichlidae) como biomarcadores de poluição aquática na Laguna da Jansen, São Luís, MA (Brasil). Biosci J 30(4):1213–1221
Pereira TJ, Gingold R, Villegas ADM, Rocha-Olivares A (2017) Patterns of spatial variation of meiofauna in sandy beaches of northwestern Mexico with contrasting levels of disturbance. Thalassas Int J Mar Sci 34(1):53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-017-0038-x
Pilouk S, Koottatep T (2017) Environmental performance indicators as the key for eco-industrial parks in Thailand. J Clean Prod 156:614–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.076
Raffaelli D (1987) The behaviour of the nematode/copepod ratio in organic pollution studies. Mar Environ Res 23(2):135–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(87)90042-0
Raffaelli DG, Mason CF (1981) Pollution monitoring with meiofauna, using the ratio of nematodes to copepods. Mar Pollut Bul 12(5):158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(81)90227-7
Ranasinghe JA, Weisberg SB, Smith RW, Montagne DE, Thompson B, Oakden JM, Ritter KJ (2009) Calibration and evaluation of five indicators of benthic community condition in two California bay and estuary habitats. Mar Pollut Bul 59(1–3):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.007
Rêgo JCL, Soares-Gomes A, da Silva FS (2018) Loss of vegetation cover in a tropical island of the Amazon coastal zone (Maranhão Island, Brazil). Land Use Policy 71:593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.055
Rodrigues JB, da Silva Alves B, de Sousa Moraes MF, dos Santos Silva N (2020) Constatação do lançamento irregular de efluentes sanitários e resíduos sólidos na praia Ponta D’Areia, São Luís/MA. Eng Sci 8(2):68–74. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2318-3055.2020.002.0007
Sahraeian N, Sahafi HH, Mosallanejad H, Ingels J, Semprucci F (2020) Temporal and spatial variability of free-living nematodes in a beach system characterized by domestic and industrial impacts (Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf, Iran). Ecol Indic 118:106697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106697
Santos DM, Melo MRS, Mendes DCS, Rocha IKB, Silva JPL, Cantanhêde SM, Meletti PC (2014) Histological changes in gills of two fish species as indicators of water quality in Jansen lagoon (São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil). Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(12):12927–12937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212927
Santos MEM, Silva CMC, Azevedo-Cutrim ACG (2021) Spatial-temporal distribution of Polychaeta in urbanized sandy beaches of northeastern Brazil: tools for environmental assessment. Oecol Australis 25(4):834–845. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2504.04
Sarkar D (2008) Lattice: multivariate data visualization with R. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75969-2
Schlacher TA, Thompson L (2012) Beach recreation impacts benthic invertebrates on ocean-exposed sandy shores. Biol Conserv 147(1):123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.022
Schlacher TA, Schoeman DS, Lastra M, Jones A, Dugan J, Scapini F, McLachlan A (2006) Neglected ecosystems bear the brunt of change. Ethol Ecol Evol 18(4):349–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2006.9522701
Schlacher TA et al (2007) Sandy beaches at the brink. Divers Distrib 13(5):556–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2006.9522701
Schlacher TA, Richardson D, McLean I (2008) Impacts of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on macrobenthic assemblages on sandy beaches. Environ Manage 41(6):878–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9071-0
Semprucci F, Colantoni P, Baldelli G, Rocchi M, Balsamo M (2010) The distribution of meiofauna on back-reef sandy platforms in the Maldives (Indian Ocean). Mar Ecol 31(4):592–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00383.x
Semprucci F, Sbrocca C, Rocchi M, Balsamo M (2015a) Temporal changes of the meiofaunal assemblage as a tool for the assessment of the ecological quality status. J Mar Biol Assoc U K 95(2):247–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001271
Semprucci F, Frontalini F, Sbrocca C, Du Châtelet EA, Bout-Roumazeilles V, Coccioni R, Balsamo M (2015b) Meiobenthos and free-living nematodes as tools for biomonitoring environments affected by riverine impact. Environ Monit Assess 187(5):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4493-7
Serra JS, Farias Filho MS (2019) Expansão urbana e impactos ambientais na zona costeira norte do município de São Luís (MA). Raega Espaço Geogr Anál 46(1):07–24. https://doi.org/10.5380/raega.v46i1.52552
Shapiro SS, Wilk MB (1965) An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52(3/4):591–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709
Silva THS (2021) Levantamento dos pontos de lançamento de esgoto bruto na Laguna da Jansen, na cidade de São Luís, estado do Maranhão. Brasil Rev Meio Ambiente Sustentab 10(21):28–46. https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v10i21.948
Simpson LG et al (2022) Permute: Functions for Generating Restricted Permutations of Data. Version 0.9-7. R package. Disponível: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=permute
Suguio K (1973) Introdução à sedimentologia. Blücher, São Paulo
Sun X, Zhou H, Hua E, Xu S, Cong B, Zhang Z (2014) Meiofauna and its sedimentary environment as an integrated indication of anthropogenic disturbance to sandy beach ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 88(1–2):260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.033
ter Braak CJF (1986) Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67(5):1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938672
Tilbert S, de Castro FJV, Tavares G, Nogueira Júnior MN (2019) Spatial variation of meiofaunal tardigrades in a small tropical estuary (~ 6 S; Brazil). Mar Freshw Res 70(8):1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18222
Van Damme D, Heip C, Willems KA (1984) Influence of pollution on the harpacticoid copepods of two North Sea estuaries. Hydrobiologia 112(2):143–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006919
Vanaverbeke J, Gheskiere T, Steyaert M, Vincx M (2002) Nematode assemblages from subtidal sandbanks in the Southern Bight of the North Sea: effect of small sedimentological differences. J Sea Res 48(3):197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(02)00165-X
Vanaverbeke J, Soetaert K, Vincx M (2004) Changes in morphometric characteristics of nematode communities during a spring phytoplankton bloom deposition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273:139–146
Vanaverbeke J, Steyaert M, Soetaert K, Rousseau V, Van Gansbeke D, Parent JY, Vincx M (2004a) Changes in structural and functional diversity of nematode communities during a spring phytoplankton bloom in the southern North Sea. J Sea Res 52(4):281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.02.004
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37(1):29–38
Weisberg SB, Thompson B, Ranasinghe JA, Montagne DE, Cadien DB, Dauer DM, Word JQ (2008) The level of agreement among experts applying best professional judgment to assess the condition of benthic infaunal communities. Ecol Indic 8(4):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.04.001
Wentworth CK (1922) A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. J Geol 30(5):377–392. https://doi.org/10.1086/622910
Wickham H (2016) Programming with ggplot2. ggplot2. Springer, Cham, pp 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4_12
Xu W, Shin PK, Sun J (2022) Organic enrichment induces shifts in the trophic position of infauna in a subtropical benthic food web, Hong Kong. Front Mar Sci 9:937477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.937477
Zeppilli D, Sarrazin J, Leduc D, Arbizu PM, Fontaneto D et al (2015) Is the meiofauna a good indicator for climate change and anthropogenic impacts? Mar Biodivers 45(3):505–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0359-z
Zho Y, Ning L, Bai X (2018) Spatial and temporal changes of human disturbances and their effects on landscape patterns in the Jiangsu coastal zone, China. Ecol Indic 93:111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04
Funding
CAPES finance code 001.
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão - FAPEMA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Santos, M.E.M., Silva, T.C., Ferreira Sirqueira, J. et al. Spatial marine meiofauna variations in areas undergoing different disturbance levels on the Amazon coast. Biologia 79, 483–494 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-023-01536-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-023-01536-x