Abstract
Food preservatives especially used to prevent microbiological spoilage in nutritional products are among the most indispensable additives. Here, the biochemical effects of three commonly used preservatives, sodium benzoate (SB), potassium sorbate (PS) and sodium nitrite (SN), on Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. 5–100 mM SB, 300 ppm PS and 25–100 mM SN significantly inhibited early exponential yeast cell proliferation compared to the control after 12 h exposure. Cell metabolic activity percentages were also significantly inhibited at the studied highest three concentrations. While glutathione S-transferase activity generally increased after SB and PS treatments, superoxide dismutase activity increased only after 50 mM SB treatment. Although the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde levels generally increased as a result of treatments with food additives, significant increases were determined in 300 ppm PS, and 50 and 100 mM SN groups. According to the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis, food additive treated groups clearly discriminated from control. Finally, the principal component analysis (PCA) loading plots showed that higher doses of food additives altered lipid concentration, disrupted proteins and increased the concentrations of mannans and β-glucans. These findings are significant in terms of better understanding the underlying mechanism of food additive induced toxicity for the control of yeast cell proliferation.
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Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ATR:
-
Attenuated total reflectance
- CCK:
-
Cell counting kit
- CDNB:
-
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration of the United States
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GRAS:
-
Generally recognized as safe
- GST:
-
Gluthathione S-transferase
- HCA:
-
Hierarchical cluster analysis
- IR:
-
Infrared
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MIC:
-
Minimum growth inhibitory concentration
- OD:
-
Optical density
- PC:
-
Principal component
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PS:
-
Potassium sorbate
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SB:
-
Sodium benzoate
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SN:
-
Sodium nitrite
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TBA:
-
Thiobarburitic acid
- TCA:
-
Trichloroacetic acid
- UATR:
-
Universal attenuated total reflectance
- WST:
-
Water soluble tetrazolium
- XO:
-
Xanthine oxidase
- YPD:
-
Yeast extract peptone dextrose
- YPDA:
-
Yeast extract peptone dextrose agar
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Berna Kavakcıoğlu Yardımcı designed, and supervised the project, performed the experiments, computations, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript, provided financial support and final approval of the manuscript. Sevilay Cengiz Şahin and Nurettin İlter Sever contributed to the study conception and design, performed the experiments and reviewed the manuscript. Nihal Simsek Özek performed the chemometric computations, analyzed the data and reviewed the manuscript.
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Berna Kavakcıoğlu Yardımcı, Sevilay Cengiz Şahin, Nurettin İlter Sever and Nihal Simsek Özek declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Yardimci, B.K., Sahin, S.C., Sever, N.I. et al. Biochemical effects of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and sodium nitrite on food spoilage yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biologia 77, 547–557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00964-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00964-x