Abstract
The effects of two sunflower seed oil diets differing in oxidation levels (PV in oils 1 and 190 mequiv O2/kg) on lipoprotein TAG and total lipid oxidation were investigated in growing pigs. For 2 wk, two groups of 10 pigs were fed either of the diets, after which blood samples were collected. A method based on RP-HPLC and electrospray ionization-MS was used for the analysis of oxidized TAG molecules in chylomicrons and VLDL. The baseline diene conjugation method was used for the estimation of in vivo levels of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. TAG molecules with a hydroxy, an epoxy, or a keto group attached to a FA, as well as TAG core aldehydes were detected in the samples. Typically, lipoprotein TAG and total lipids were more oxidized in the pigs fed on the oxidized oil compared with those fed on nonoxidized oil. Oxidation of dietary fat was thus reflected in the lipoprotein oxidation, which confirmed our earlier findings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACN:DB:
-
acyl carbon number:number of double bonds
- BDC:
-
baseline diene conjugation
- ESI:
-
electrospray ionization
References
Staprans, I., Rapp, J.H., Pan, X.M., Kim, K.Y., and Feingold, K.R. (1994) Oxidized Lipids in the Diet Are a Source of Oxidized Lipid in Chylomicrons of Human Serum, Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 1900–1905.
Staprans, I., Rapp, J.H., Pan, X.M., and Feingold, K.R. (1996) Oxidized Lipids in the Diet are Incorporated by the Liver into Very Low Density Lipoprotein in Rats, J. Lipid Res. 37, 420–430.
Suomela, J.-P., Ahotupa, M., Sjövall, O., Kurvinen, J.-P., and Kallio, H. (2004) Diet and Lipoprotein Oxidation: Analysis of Oxidized Triacylglycerols in Pig Lipoproteins, Lipids 39, 639–647.
Grieve, D.J., Avella, M.A., Elliott, J., and Botham, K.M. (2000) The Interaction Between Oxidised Chylomicron Remnants and the Aorta of Rats Fed a Normocholesterolaemic or Hypercholesterolaemic Diet, J. Vasc. Res. 37, 265–275.
Napolitano, M., Rivabene, R., Avella, M., Amicone, L., Tripodi, M., Botham, K.M., and Bravo, E. (2001) Oxidation Affects the Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Synthesis by Chylomicron Remnants, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 30, 506–515.
Naruszewicz, M., Wozny, E., Mirkiewicz, E., Nowicka, G., and Szostak, W.B. (1987) The Effect of Thermally Oxidized Soya Bean Oil on Metabolism of Chylomicrons—Increased Uptake and Degradation of Oxidized Chylomicrons in Cultured Mouse Macrophages, Atherosclerosis 66, 45–53.
Umeda, Y., Redgrave, T.G., Mortimer, B.C., and Mamo, J.C.L. (1995) Kinetics and Uptake in vivo of Oxidatively Modified Lymph Chylomicrons, Am. J. Physiol. 31, G709-G716.
Mamo, J.C.L., and Wheeler, J.R. (1994) Chylomicrons or Their Remnants Penetrate Rabbit Thoracic Aorta as Efficiently as Smaller Macromolecules Including Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein and Albumin, Coron. Artery Dis. 5, 695–705.
Ahotupa, M., Marniemi, J., Lehtimäki, T., Talvinen, K., Raitakari, O.T., Vasankari, T., Viikari, J., Luoma, J., and Ylä-Herttuala, S. (1998) Baseline Diene Conjugation in LDL Lipids as a Direct Measure of in vivo LDL Oxidation, Clin. Biochem. 31, 257–261.
Suomela, J.-P., Ahotupa, M., Sjövall, O., Kurvinen, J.-P., and Kallio, H. (2004) New Approach to the Analysis of Oxidized Triacylglycerols in Lipoproteins, Lipids 39, 507–512.
AOCS (1997) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS, 5th edn., AOCS Press, Champaign.
IUPAC (1987) Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Ågren, J.J., Vidgren, H.M., Valve, R.S., Laakso, M., and Uusitupa, M. (2001) Postprandial Responses of Individual Fatty Acids in Subjects Homozygous for the Threonine- or Alanine-Encoding Allele in Codon 54 of the Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73, 31–35.
Hamilton, J.G., and Comai, K. (1988) Rapid Separation of Neutral Lipids, Free Fatty Acids and Polar Lipids Using Prepacked Silica Sep-Pak Columns, Lipids 23, 1146–1149.
Skipski, V.P., and Barclay, M. (1969) Thin-Layer Chromatography, Methods Enzymol. 14, 542–548.
Christie, W.W. (1982) A Simple Procedure for Rapid Transmethylation of Glycerolipids and Cholesteryl Esters, J. Lipid Res. 23, 1072–1075.
Ahotupa, M., Ruutu, M., and Mäntyla, E. (1996) Simple Methods of Quantifying Oxidation Products and Antioxidant Potential of Low Density Lipoproteins, Clin. Biochem. 29, 139–144.
Sjövall, O., Kuksis, A., Marai, L., and Myher, J.J. (1997) Elution Factors of Synthetic Oxotriacylglycerols as an Aid in Identification of Peroxidized Natural Triacylglycerols by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry, Lipids 32, 1211–1218.
Neff, W.E., and Byrdwell, W.C. (1998) Characterization of Model Triacylglycerol (triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin) Autoxidation Products via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 818, 169–186.
Spiteller, G. (1998) Linoleic Acid Peroxidation—The Dominant Lipid Peroxidation Process in Low Density Lipoprotein—and Its Relationship to Chronic Diseases, Chem. Phys. Lipids 95, 105–162.
Adachi, J., Yoshioka, N., Funae, R., Nagasaki, Y., Naito, T., and Ueno, Y. (2004) Phosphatidylcholine Hydroperoxide Levels in Human Plasma Are Lower Than Previously Reported, Lipids 39, 891–896.
Kanazawa, K., and Ashida, H. (1998) Catabolic Fate of Dietary Trilinoleoylglycerol Hydroperoxides in Rat Gastrointestines, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1393, 336–348.
Kanazawa, K., and Ashida, H. (1998) Dietary Hydroperoxides of Linoleic Acid Decompose to Aldehydes in Stomach Before Being Absorbed into the Body, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1393, 349–361.
Suomela, J.-P., Ahotupa, M., and Kallio, H. (2005) Triacylglycerol Hydroperoxides Not Detected in Pig Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells After a Diet Rich in Oxidized Triacylglycerols, Lipids 40, 349–353.
Hamsten, A. (1993) Lipids as a Coronary Risk Factor—Analysis of Hyperlipemias, Postgrad. Med. J. 69, S8-S11.
Nagy, L., Tontonoz, P., Alvarez, J.G.A., Chen, H.W., and Evans, R.M. (1998) Oxidized LDL Regulates Macrophage Gene Expression Through Ligand Activation of PPAR γ, Cell 93, 229–240.
Tontonez, P., Nagy, L., Alvarez, J.G.A., Thomazy, V.A., and Evans, R.M. (1998) PPAR-γ Promotes Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation and Uptake of Oxidized LDL, Cell 93, 241–252.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Suomela, JP., Ahotupa, M. & Kallio, H. Triacylglycerol oxidation in pig lipoproteins after a diet rich in oxidized sunflower seed oil. Lipids 40, 437–444 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1402-4
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1402-4