Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is the source of a wide array of products. The pathway has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and isoprenoids are some of the most ancient biomolecules ever identified, playing key roles in many life forms. In this review we focus on C-10 mono-, C-15 sesqui-, and C-20 diterpenes. Evidence for interconversion between the pathway intermediates farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranly pyrophosphate and their respective metabolites is examined. The diverse functions of these molecules are discussed in detail, including their ability to regulate expression of the β-HMG-CoA reductase and Ras-related proteins. Additional topics include the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of select isoprenoids, antiulcer activities, and the disposition and degradation of isoprenoids in the environment. Finally, the significance of pharmacological manipulation of the isoprenoid pathway and clinical correlations are discussed.
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Abbreviations
- CPT:
-
cholinephosphotransferase
- DMAPP:
-
dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
- DOXP:
-
deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate
- DXPS:
-
deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase
- FOH:
-
farnesol
- FPP:
-
farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPase:
-
farnesyl pyrophosphatase
- FPTase:
-
farnesyl protein transferase
- FXR:
-
farnesoid X receptor
- GGA:
-
geranylgeranylacetone
- GGOH:
-
geranylgeraniol
- GGPP:
-
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- GGPTase:
-
geranylgeranyl protein transferase
- GOH:
-
geraniol
- GPP:
-
geranyl pyrophosphate
- HIDS:
-
hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome
- HMGR:
-
HMG-CoA reductase
- IDS:
-
isoprenyl diphosphate synthases
- IPP:
-
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- JH:
-
juvenile hormone
- LXR:
-
liver X receptor
- MA:
-
mevalonic aciduria
- MK:
-
mevalonate kinase
- PKC:
-
protein kinase C
- PPAR:
-
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RAR:
-
retinoic acid receptor
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- RXR:
-
retinoid X receptor
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Holstein, S.A., Hohl, R.J. Isoprenoids: Remarkable diversity of form and function. Lipids 39, 293–309 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1233-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1233-3