Abstract
In order to extract polyester (PET) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from waste polyester-cotton blended fabrics (WPBFs), a deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from choline chloride (ChCl) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) was developed as the treatment solvent. The orthogonal experiment method was designed to explore the optimal conditions for the separation process (75 vol.% DES, 110 °C, 10 min). The PET component was easily separated after the degradation of the cotton component from WPBFs. Recycled and untreated products were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. The results showed that the yields of recycled PET (R-PET) and MCC were 99.20, and 69.46%, respectively. Furthermore, glucose was also obtained with a yield of 38.91%. In particular, there was no significant deterioration in the properties of R-PET. MCC was obtained with crystallinity of 86.46%, which can be applied as the raw material of MCC in various industries. Moreover, the lifetime of the recyclable DES (ChCl/TsOH) showed that its treatment efficiency can still meet the requirement after the fifth recycling.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott AP, Boothby D, Capper G, Davies DV, Rasheed RK (2004) Deep eutectic solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 126:9142–9147. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j
Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, McKenzie KJ, Obi SU (2006) Solubility of metal oxides in deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride. J Chem Eng Data 51:1280–1282. https://doi.org/10.1021/je060038c
Abdullah NM, Ahmad I (2013) Potential of using polyester reinforced coconut fiber composites derived from recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. Fibers Polym 14:584–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-0584-7
Batool A, Valiyaveettil S (2021) Surface functionalized cellulose fibers—a renewable adsorbent for removal of plastic nanoparticles from water. J Hazard Mater 413:125301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125301
Bora C, Bharali P, Baglari S, Dolui SK, Konwar BK (2013) Strong and conductive reduced graphene oxide/polyester resin composite films with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and its antibacterial activity. Compos Sci Technol 87:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.025
Cai J, Zhang L (2006) Unique gelation behavior of cellulose in NaOH/Urea aqueous solution. Biomacromol 7:183–189. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0505585
Chen WS, Li Q, Cao J, Liu YX, Li J, Zhang JS, Luo SY, Yu HP (2015) Revealing the structures of cellulose nanofiber bundles obtained by mechanical nanofibrillation via TEM observation. Carbohyd Polym 117:950–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.024
Chen Z, Sun YS, Wan CX (2019) Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cellulose accessibility of switchgrass pretreated by acidic deep eutectic solvent. Cellulose 26:9439–9446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02759-5
Choi S, Choi HM (2019) Eco-friendly, expeditious depolymerization of PET in the blend fabrics by using a bio-based deep eutectic solvent under microwave irradiation for composition identification. Fibers Polym 20:752–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-8931-y
Cole KC, Ajji A, Pellerin É (2002) New insights into the development of ordered structure in poly (ethylene terephthalate), II results from transmission infrared spectroscopy of thin films. Macromol Macromol Symp 184:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200208)184:1%3c1::AID-MASY1%3e3.0.CO;2-O
Dai YT, Witkamp GJ, Verpoorte R, Choi YH (2015) Tailoring properties of natural deep eutectic solvents with water to facilitate their applications. Food Chem 187:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.123
De Falco F, Gullo MP, Gentile G, Di Pace E, Cocca M, Gelabert L, Brouta-Agnesa M, Rovira A, Escudero R, Villalba R, Mossotti R, Montarsolo A, Gavignano S, Tonin C, Avella M (2018) Evaluation of microplastic release caused by textile washing processes of synthetic fabrics. Environ Pollut 236:916–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.057
Grigore ME (2017) Methods of recycling, properties and applications of recycled thermoplastic polymers. Recycling 2:24. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling2040024
Haslinger S, Hummel M, Anghelescu-Hakala A, Määttänen M, Sixta H (2019) Upcycling of cotton polyester blended textile waste to new man-made cellulose fibers. Waste Manag 97:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.040
Hou WS, Ling C, Shi S, Yan ZF, Zhang ML, Zhang BN, Dai JM (2018) Separation and characterization of waste cotton/polyester blend fabric with hydrothermal method. Fibers Polym 19:742–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7735-9
Jeihanipour A, Karimi K, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ (2010) A novel process for ethanol or biogas production from cellulose in blended-fibers waste textiles. Waste Manag 30:2504–2509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.026
Kareem MA, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM (2010) Phosphonium-based ionic liquids analogues and their physical properties. J Chem Eng Data 55:4632–4637. https://doi.org/10.1021/je100104v
Khili F, Borges J, Almeida PL, Boukherroub R, Omrani AD (2018) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals with structure I and II and their applications for reduction of graphene oxide and nanocomposite elaboration. Waste Biomass Valor 10:1913–1927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0202-4
Kim KH, Dutta T, Sun J, Simmons B, Singh S (2018) Biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents from lignin derived phenols. Green Chem 20:809–815. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7gc03029k
Lang JY, Lu JL, Lan P, Wang N, Yang HY, Zhang H (2020) Preparation of 5-HMF in a DES/ethyl N-butyrate two-phase system. Catalysts 10:636. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10060636
Ling Z, Guo ZW, Huang CX, Yao L, Xu F (2020) Deconstruction of oriented crystalline cellulose by novel levulinic acid based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment for improved enzymatic accessibility. Bioresour Technol 305:123025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123025
Ma Y, Xia QQ, Liu YZ, Chen WS, Liu SX, Wang QW, Liu YX, Li J, Yu HP (2019) Production of nanocellulose using hydrated deep eutectic solvent combined with ultrasonic treatment. ACS Omega 4:8539–8547. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00519
Maradini GDS, Oliveira MP, Carreira LG, Guimarães D, Profeti D, Dias Júnior AF, Boschetti WTN, Oliveira BFD, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN (2021) Impact and tensile properties of polyester nanocomposites reinforced with conifer fiber cellulose nanocrystal: a previous study extension. Polymers 13:1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111878
Ouchi A, Toida T, Kumaresan S, Ando W, Kato J (2010) A new methodology to recycle polyester from fabric blends with cellulose. Cellulose 17:215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9358-1
Pawar SS, Athalye A, Adivarekar RV (2021) Solvent assisted dyeing of silk fabric using deep eutectic solvent as a swelling agent. Fibers Polym 22:405–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0142-7
Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Geem K (2017) Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manag 69:24–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044
Ren HW, Chen CM, Wang QH, Zhao DS, Guo SH (2016) The properties of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents and their performance in the dissolution of cellulose. BioResources 11:5435–5451
Sert E, Yilmaz E, Atalay FS (2019) Chemical recycling of polyethlylene terephthalate by glycolysis using deep eutectic solvents. J Polym Environ 27:2956–2962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01578-w
Shi S, Zhang ML, Ling C, Hou WS, Yan ZF (2018) Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from waste cotton fabrics via hydrothermal method. Waste Manag 82:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.023
Shindy HA (2015) Fundamentals in colors, dyes and pigments chemistry: a review. Eur Rev Chem Res 6:232–245
Sirviö JA, Visanko M, Liimatainen H (2016) Acidic deep eutectic solvents as hydrolytic media for cellulose nanocrystal production. Biomacromol 17:3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00910
van Osch DJGP, Kollau LJBM, van den Bruinhorst A, Asikainen S, Rocha MAA, Kroon MC (2017) Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19:2636–2665. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07499e
Wang X, Wang L, Su Q, Zheng JP (2013) Use of unmodified SiO2 as nanofiller to improve mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 89:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.09.018
Wang GZ, Zhao XF, Zhang LZ (2016) The research of choline-based deep eutectic solvents on glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). J Environ Manag 43:67–68
Xie YJ, Dong HF, Zhang SJ, Lu XH, Ji XY (2014) Effect of water on the density, viscosity, and CO2 solubility in choline chloride/urea. J Chem Eng Data 59:3344–3352. https://doi.org/10.1021/je500320c
Xu P, Zheng GW, Zong MH, Li N, Lou WY (2017) Recent progress on deep eutectic solvents in biocatalysis. Bioresour Bioprocess 4:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-017-0165-5
Yu IKM, Tsang DCW (2017) Conversion of biomass to hydroxymethylfurfural: a review of catalytic systems and underlying mechanisms. Bioresour Technol 238:716–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.026
Zhang Y, Kang H, Hou HC, Shao S, Sun XY, Qin CL, Zhang SS (2018) Improved design for textile production process based on life cycle assessment. Clean Techn Environ Policy 20:1355–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1572-9
Zhao H (2003) Review: current studies on some physical properties of ionic liquids. Phys Chem Liq 41:545–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/003191031000117319
Zhao GM, Du J, Chen WM, Pan MZ, Chen DY (2019) Preparation and thermostability of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils from two sources of biomass: rice straw and poplar wood. Cellulose 26:8625–8643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02683-8
Zheng DD, Zhou JF, Wang Y, Zhang FX, Zhang GX (2017) A reactive flame retardant ammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) for enhancing flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. Cellulose 25:787–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1543-z
Zhou EP, Liu HR (2014) A novel deep eutectic solvents synthesized by solid organic compounds and its application on dissolution for cellulose. Asian J Chem 26:3626–3630
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51903184), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21802101), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (20210302124058), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (20210302124492), the Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths (201901D211061), and Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering (2021SX-TD013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Shi, S., Li, F. et al. Efficient recycling of polyester and microcrystalline cellulose through one-step extraction from waste polyester-cotton blended fabrics with deep eutectic solvents. Chem. Pap. 76, 5601–5612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02246-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02246-5