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Analysis of structural and biomimetic characteristics of the green-synthesized Fe3O4 nanozyme from the fruit peel extract of Punica granatum

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Abstract

A vast array of industries routinely uses enzymes to reduce environmental toxicity and to improve the quality of product. Apart from their conventional role in textile and food industries to remove hydrogen peroxide, enzymes like catalases are being used for novel applications as in the development of biosensors. However, being biological in nature, these enzymes are prone to degradation; they are vulnerable to pH and temperature changes that affect their effectiveness. This inconsistent behavior of natural enzymes at high temperatures and pH conditions makes them unsuitable for commercial use. Artificial enzymes are synthesized to compensate the drawbacks of natural enzymes. Metal oxide nanoparticles are prominent among these artificial enzymes. In the current study, iron oxide nanozymes (Fe3O4 NZs) were synthesized from the fruit peel extract of pomegranate using microwave-assisted extraction. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the cubical structure of the synthesized Fe3O4 NZs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy/selected area electron diffraction (HR-TEM/SAED) revealed an average particle size of 17.8 ± 6.5 nm. The nanoparticle was further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Further, the enzyme-mimicking activities of the Fe3O4 NZs were tested using peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimicking assays, revealing that the green-synthesized Fe3O4 NZs are good mimics of natural enzymes. This is the first report on the green synthesis, characterization and multi-enzyme-mimicking activity study of metal oxide nanozymes synthesized from the extract of pomegranate fruit peel.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Fe3O4 NZs:

Iron oxide nanozymes

XRD:

X-ray diffraction spectroscopy

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

HR-TEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

SAED:

Selected-area electron diffraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

EDAX:

Energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

OPD:

O-Phenylenediamine

TMB:

3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

TA:

Terephthalic acid

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

HE:

Hydroethidine

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalent

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. Amitava Mukherjee, Professor, Higher Academic Grade & Director, CNBT, VIT for his mentorship, support, and valuable suggestions and to Dr. N Chandra Sekaran, Professor, Higher Academic Grade, CNBT, VIT for the facilities provided for the study. Characterization of the nanoparticles was carried out using sophisticated analytical instruments available at prestigious institutes across the country. FT-IR was done at CNBT, VIT; XRD at SAIF, Chandigarh; TEM SAED at STIC, Kochi; LCMS at SAIF, IIT Mumbai; SEM-EDAX and VSM at SAIF, IITM, Madras; XPS at SASTRA University. All the help rendered are duly acknowledged.

Funding

This work was supported by grant from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, in the form of project fund (SR/WOS-A/LS-371/2017).

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  1. Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, VIT (PO), Tamil Nadu, Vellore, India, 632014

    Deepa Mundekkad & A Vinotha Alex

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DM conceived, designed, and performed the experiments including data analyses, interpretation, and manuscript writing. VA contributed to manuscript writing and data interpretation.

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Mundekkad, D., Alex, A.V. Analysis of structural and biomimetic characteristics of the green-synthesized Fe3O4 nanozyme from the fruit peel extract of Punica granatum. Chem. Pap. 76, 3863–3878 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02130-2

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