Abstract
The present study deals with the extraction of karanjin from Karanja leaves with the help of ultrasonic extraction. Karanjin is an important bioactive compound present in Karanja seed and leaves oil. The effect of various parameters such as solvents, temperature, time, ultrasonic power, duty cycle, stirring speed, and solute-to-solvent ratio on karanjin yield was investigated. The identification of extracted karanjin was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental results indicated that the extraction yield by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has increased by two times than the conventional (soxhlet) method. It is also found that for achieving the same amount of yield, soxhlet required 24 h, while UAE takes only 30 min. The yield of karanjin increased with the solute-to-solvent ratio, whereas an increase in temperature leads to a reduction in karanjin yield. Particle size distribution and scanning electron microscope images of the plant cells after UAE treatment indicate microfractures on the plant cell's surface by the cavitation phenomenon. It also gives the visuals confirmation of the sonication effect. During the sonication, 12.03 kJ/g of energy was delivered, while 48 kJ/g of energy is required for the soxhlet method. Karanjin can be a promising biopesticide or bioinsecticide material in a wide range of applications. Thus, the developed UAE method provides a better process intensification approach to extract karanjin and makes it an exciting alternative for downstream processing.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Chemical Engineering Department for Analytical Support and Prof. Pandit to carry out the research work in his research facility. The authors are thankful to DST-TDS-WMT, India for providing financial assistance.
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Appendix: Energy calculations
Appendix: Energy calculations
Calorimetry study of an ultrasonic horn
A series of experiments were conducted to estimate the actual ultrasound intensity consumed by liquid during sonication (Sathiskumar and Madras 2020). The following equation determined the amount of energy dissipated. P = Mcp (dT/dt) where T is the temperature as a function of time, P is the power (J/min), M is the mass of the water (g), cp is the specific heat of water (J g−1 K−1), dT/dt is the rate of temperature rise (K min−1). The experiments were carried out for 20 min, and the rise in temperature of the water was observed as a function of time. This was plotted and regression equation was y = 0.614x + 27.949.
The energy delivered during sonication
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The amount of energy consumed by sonication in the extraction process = energy required to extract the karanjin from Karanja leaves.
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The electrical energy required for sonication in 30 min (shown by the power meter) = 5.586 kJ.
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Power input by magnetic stirrer = input voltage (V) × current measured (A) = 220 × 1.5 = 330 (W).
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Total energy delivered by magnetic stirrer for 30 min. = input power by magnetic stirrer × time required for extraction = 330 × 1800s = 594 kJ.
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Total energy supplied for extraction by magnetic stirrer = Input power by magnetic stirrer/quantity of material processed = 594 (kJ)/111(g) = 5.35 kJ/g.
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The efficiency of sonicator = 59.8% (calibrated)
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So, the actual energy dissipated during sonication = 5.586 × 59.8/100 = 3.34 kJ.
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The amount of karanjin extracted (extraction yield in mg/g) = 5 mg/g
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The total energy given for the processing of the material by the ultrasonic method = actual energy utilized by horn throughout the sonication/amount of karanjin extracted
$$3.34\,\left( {{\text{kJ}}} \right)/0.5\,\left( {\text{g}} \right) = 6.68\,\left( {\text{kJ/g}} \right).$$ -
The net energy supplied for extraction of karanjin by using ultrasonication method = the actual energy supplied by ultrasound + the energy given by magnetic stirrer = 6.68 + 5.35 = 12.03 (kJ/g).
The energy delivered during conventional (Soxhlet) method
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In the conventional extraction method, the material was treated at 65 °C.
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During the processing of material at 65 °C, no heat loss was assumed.
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Specific heat of methanol is 2.53 kJ/kg °C.
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The amount of energy required to heat methanol from 27 to 65 °C is calculated as follows:
$$q = c_{p} \,m\,{\text{d}}T$$where q = amount of heat (kJ), cp = specific heat (kJ/kg, K), m=mass (kg), dT= temperature difference between hot and cold side (°C)
$$q = \left( {2.53\,{\text{kJ/kg}},^\circ {\text{C}}} \right)\,\left( {0.1\,{\text{kg}}} \right)\left( {65\,^\circ {\text{C}}} \right) - \left( {27\,^\circ {\text{C}}} \right)) = 9.614\,{\text{kJ}}.$$ -
Amount of karanjin extracted (extraction yield in g) = 0.2 g.
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The requirement of energy in Soxhlet extractor = actual energy provided/amount of oil obtained (extraction yield): 9.614 (kJ)/0.2 (g) = 48 (kJ/g).
Energy saved
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Total energy conserved = (total energy provided for processing of material by soxhlet method) − (total energy provided for processing of material by UAE method) = 48 (kJ/g) − 12.03 (kJ/g) = 35.97 (kJ/g).
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Doke, R.B., Bhalerao, M.S., Paraskar, P.M. et al. Energy-efficient sonochemical extraction of bioactive compound karanjin from Pongamia pinnata leaves. Chem. Pap. 75, 4935–4947 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01656-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01656-1