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Evaluation of mandarin peel as an alternative source of limonene: identification with GC-MS, FTIR and NMR studies

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Abstract

In this study, mandarin peel rich in limonene was the feedstock as citrus essential oil source. Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Method was used to optimize the solid mass, immersion time and washing time of the automatic solvent extraction for the maximum D-limonene yield. The proposed conditions as the optimum were calculated as 8.63 g mandarin peel, 8.5 min immersion time and 8 min washing time to achieve the greatest D-limonene yield (~ 75 mg/g). The proposed conditions were reliable depending on the difference between the actual and predicted values (1.7%). With solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), 19 components were identified in the mandarin peel. D-limonene was the most abundant volatile compound (91.56%), whereas the other main volatile compounds were identifed as myrcene (4.93%), α-pinen (1.69%) and sabinene (0.85%) in the mandarin peel. Additionally, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H– and 13C-NMR) spectroscopies were also applied for the verification of GC-MS findings.

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Data availability

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    İrem Toprakçı & Selin Şahin

  2. Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Art, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

    Ferhan Balci-Torun

  3. Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Division of Organic Chemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nahide Gulsah Deniz

  4. Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Division of Physical Chemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    Sinem Ortaboy

  5. Faculty of Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

    Mehmet Torun

Authors
  1. İrem Toprakçı
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  2. Ferhan Balci-Torun
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  3. Nahide Gulsah Deniz
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  4. Sinem Ortaboy
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  5. Mehmet Torun
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  6. Selin Şahin
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Contributions

İT: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, FB-T: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, NGD: Validation, Formal analysis, SO: Validation, Formal analysis, MT: Validation, Formal analysis, SŞ: Conceptualization, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.

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Correspondence to Selin Şahin.

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Toprakçı, İ., Balci-Torun, F., Deniz, N.G. et al. Evaluation of mandarin peel as an alternative source of limonene: identification with GC-MS, FTIR and NMR studies. Food Measure 18, 1422–1432 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02236-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02236-5

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