Abstract
The binding of human serum albumin (HSA) with two food pigments, carmine and amaranth, were investigated at the molecular level using fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption and molecular docking techniques. Under simulated physiological conditions, the study proposes that the type of binding between the two dyes and HSA was static. Compared with carmine (293 K: KSV = (0.36 ± 0.02) × 105 L mol−1; Kb = (1.28 ± 1.21) × 107 L mol−1), amaranth (293 K: KSV = (1.62 ± 0.06) × 105 L mol−1; Kb = (4.07 ± 2.83) × 107 L mol−1) had a stronger quenching ability and higher affinity for HSA due to its more symmetrical stereochemical structure and less steric hindrance. From Förster’s nonradiative energy transfer theory (r < 7 nm, 0.5 R0 < r < 2.0 R0), it was inferred that energy transfer from HSA to the two dyes was highly probable. Spectral analysis (synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy) showed that the binding of carmine or amaranth to HSA caused changes in the microenvironment around the Tyr and Trp residues and the secondary structure of HSA. A molecular docking simulation suggested that the two isomers bound to almost the same location of HSA, close to Sudlow’s site I, but there was a significant difference in the orientation of the two molecules. Combining the molecular docking and the thermodynamic parameters (Carmine: ΔH = − (50.03 ± 13.37) kJ mol−1, ΔS = − (52.01 ± 29.79) J mol−1 K−1; Amaranth: ΔH = − (72.23 ± 8.46) kJ mol−1, ΔS = − (109.75 ± 17.11) J mol−1 K−1), it can be inferred that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces play a dominant role in the formation of the dye–HSA complex.
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Abbreviations
- Eq.:
-
Equation
- HAS:
-
Human serum albumin
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Henan science and technology research project (182102110286) and Key scientific research project of colleges and universities in Henan Province (18A550014). We thank Philip Creed, PhD, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn/), for editing the language of a draft of this manuscript.
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Methodology, J-JC; project administration, JW; resources, J-HC; software, WL; supervision, JW; writing—original draft, JW.
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We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled “Characterization of the interactions of human serum albumin with carmine and amaranth using multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking”. The authors declare no competing interests.
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Wang, J., Cheng, Jj., Cheng, Jh. et al. Characterization of the interactions of human serum albumin with carmine and amaranth using multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. Food Measure 16, 4345–4354 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01529-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01529-5