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Determination of functional properties of cocoa waste from concentrated cocoa drink

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Abstract

Recovery of phenolic content from waste is one of the main concerns for any possible applications. This study was done to investigate and explore the functional properties of cocoa waste (CW) from espresso cocoa production. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay (DPPH), metal (Fe2+) chelating activity was determined. Parameters include water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), swelling capacity (SWC), proximate compositions, total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were also determined. As a reference spent coffee ground (SCG) was also studied under all parameters. Two solvents, ethanol and water were used to extract the bioactive compounds from CW. The ethanol-CW extract was found to contain significantly the highest (p < 0.05) TPC and TFC with 52.3 mg GAE/ml sample and 84.36 mg Quercetin/ml sample respectively. This was correlated to its high (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities in DPPH (IC50 3.58 ± 0.07 mg/ml) and metal chelating activity (IC50 2.32 ± 0.09 µg/ml). Positive correlations ranging from r2 = 0.82 to 0.98 were established between the phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of all extracts. All samples displayed significantly (p < 0.05) high WHC and SWC, in relevance to their high (p < 0.05) TDF which were over 60% of 100 g dry matter. CW exhibited significantly high (p < 0.05) IDF/SDF ratio, in contrast to SCG with also high protein content of 13%. This study indicates that CW has a potential as a source of natural antioxidant and phytochemical in functional food development and intermediate food ingredient.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the lab assistants and others involved in this research from the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology UPM Serdang, Malaysia for their technical assistance, guide and knowledge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Norhayati Hussain, Baizura Aya Putri Agus, Aisyah Zafirah Md Dali & How Wee Teng

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  1. Norhayati Hussain
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  2. Baizura Aya Putri Agus
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  3. Aisyah Zafirah Md Dali
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Correspondence to Norhayati Hussain.

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Hussain, N., Agus, B.A.P., Dali, A.Z.M. et al. Determination of functional properties of cocoa waste from concentrated cocoa drink. Food Measure 12, 2094–2102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9824-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9824-2

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