Abstract
Animal personality refers to consistent individual differences across contexts, ecological situations, and/or time. To understand the evolution of animal personality, it is crucial that macroevolutionary patterns be integrated with intraspecific promoters of individual behavioural consistency. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between animal personality and different indicators of sociability (a personality evolution driver) in a phylogenetic context. In lizards, higher sociability levels have been associated with the presence of secretory glands and viviparity. We analysed behavioural repeatability data from 62 studies, comprising 486 effect sizes, across 37 species, encompassing five categories (activity, aggressiveness, boldness, exploration, sociability), while accounting for phylogenetic constraints. For each species, we gathered data on the number of secretory glands and the reproductive mode (oviparous or viviparous). Results showed similar values of repeatability for species with and without glands and an absence of correlation between the number of glands and repeatability data. However, viviparous species exhibited higher repeatability compared to oviparous species. When conducting separate analyses for each behavioural type, we observed for boldness that species with glands presented higher repeatability in boldness behaviour. Notably, phylogeny played a variable role in shaping repeatability patterns; specifically, only activity and aggressiveness, and to some extent boldness, were influenced by evolutionary history across species. This study underscores the diverse animal personality patterns existing within a broader comparative macroevolutionary framework. It takes into account life history and morphological traits in Squamate lizards, offering valuable insights into these distinctive dynamics.
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Data matrix, scripts, tables and figures were uploaded in the context of this manuscript.
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References
Studies incorporated in the meta-analysis are marked with a “*”, while those obtained but not included are marked with “**”.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. J. Wiens and J. J. Cuervo, who provided the Squamate molecular phylogeny and secretory pores data for Intellagama lesueurii, respectively. We thank bioRxiv (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.12.540450), Mendeley (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/3zgzkddrjd/1) and Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/7g2vt/?view_only=ae2a75f11ffb468fbe1bd8fe872bacfa) for hosting the Pre-Print and Supplementary data of this manuscript, respectively. We thank two anonymous reviewers and the Editor J. Claude for your useful suggestions that did help to improve our manuscript. The authors are career researchers of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). This study was partially funded by CONICET (PIP 2022-2024) to JJM, MRR-M, and Lucía Sommaro.
Registration
This review was not registered; however, an early version was uploaded as a Pre-Print version in bioRxiv (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.12.540450) and Mendeley (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/3zgzkddrjd/1). Supplementary information, R code and data are deposited in OSF [https://osf.io/7g2vt/?view_only=ae2a75f11ffb468fbe1bd8fe872bacfa].
Funding
CONICET (PIP 2022–2024 N°11220210100033) to JJM, MRR-M, and Lucía Sommaro.
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Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MRR: Conceptualization (equal), data curation (lead), formal analysis (lead), investigation (equal), methodology (equal), writing-original draft (equal), writing-review and editing (equal), funding acquisition (equal), supervision (supporting), project administration (supporting). JJM Conceptualization (equal), data curation (supporting), formal analysis (supporting), investigation (equal), methodology (equal), writing-original draft (equal), writing-review and editing (equal), funding acquisition (equal), supervision (lead), project administration (lead).
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Supplementary Information
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11692_2023_9618_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Additional information about a comprehensive list of all the studies, along with the repeatability or ICC values used in the analyses, including a complete list of references can be found in Table S1. Supplementary file1 (XLSX 65 kb)
11692_2023_9618_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx
Table S2 presents list the studied species, including the number of glands, reproductive modes, and consulted bibliography. Supplementary file2 (XLSX 14 kb)
11692_2023_9618_MOESM4_ESM.docx
Supplementary S2 provides separate analyses for the boldness and exploration behavioural types 2. Supplementary file4 (DOCX 71 kb)
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Ruiz-Monachesi, M.R., Martínez, J.J. Meta-analysis of Behavioural Research in Lizards Reveals that Viviparity Contributes Better to Animal Personality than Secretory Glands. Evol Biol 51, 45–68 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-023-09618-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-023-09618-z