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Faut-il faire maigrir les sujets obèses avant une intervention chirurgicale ? Le cas particulier de la chirurgie bariatrique

Weight loss before bariatric surgery, to do or not to do?

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Obésité

Résumé

Les patients obèses devant subir une chirurgie réglée sont souvent « acculés » à perdre du poids avant leur intervention bariatrique. Cette attitude est-elle fondée ? Pour le chirurgien, la perte de poids permet de faciliter le geste opératoire et d’en diminuer les risques. Néanmoins, une perte de poids involontaire avant une intervention chirurgicale est associée à une augmentation du risque de complications postopératoires. Peu d’études (n = 14), permettent d’analyser les effets d’une perte de poids préopératoire sur des critères « objectifs ». Leurs buts étaient principalement d’améliorer les résultats à long terme quant à la perte de poids ou de faciliter le geste opératoire. Quatre de ces études, dont une seule randomisée, mentionnent la prévalence des complications postopératoires. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé sur ce paramètre dans trois études sur quatre. Dans la quatrième étude, où une perte de poids importante était exigée en préopératoire, le taux de la mortalité et celui des complications étaient supérieurs aux données de la littérature. Malgré le nombre restreint de sujets, l’absence de standardisation des protocoles et l’importance variable de la perte de poids selon les études, les bénéfices de la perte de poids préopératoire sont absents. Les sujets volontaires pour perdre du poids avant chirurgie bariatrique, supposés être les plus motivés, n’ont pas forcément de meilleurs résultats en termes de perte de poids à long terme que les autres candidats à cette chirurgie. La perte de poids préopératoire permet d’améliorer les comorbidités et d’améliorer le profil de risque opératoire. Pour autant, aucune diminution objective du risque opératoire n’a été démontrée. Il est possible que la perte de poids en préopératoire puisse avoir des effets négatifs, comme cela est observé lorsque la perte de poids est involontaire.

Abstract

Obese patients due to undergo elective surgery often find that they are expected to lose weight before the surgeon performs the bariatric operation. Is there any sound basis for this attitude? For the surgeon, patient weight loss will make the actual surgery easier and safer. But involuntary loss of weight before an operation is associated with a greater risk of postoperative complications. Few studies (N = 14) are available that might aid an objective analysis of the effects of preoperative weight loss. Their aims were chiefly to improve long-term results with respect to weight-loss or make the surgery easier to perform. Four of these studies, of which only one was randomised, mention the prevalence of postoperative complications. There was no significant effect on this parameter in 3 of the 4 studies. In the 4th, with respect to which significant preoperative weight-loss had been a precondition, the mortality rate and complications rate were higher than those found in the literature. Despite the small number of subjects, the lack of standardisation of procedures and the varying amounts of weight lost, there was no apparent benefit arising from preoperative weight-loss. Subjects who had been happy to lose weight before their operation, and who might therefore be supposed to be more highly motivated, were not necessarily more successful in terms of long-term weight-loss than other candidates for this type of surgery. Preoperative weight-loss improves comorbidity rates and the risk profile of such surgery. Nonetheless, no objective decrease in the risk of undergoing surgery has been observed. Preoperative weight-loss may even have a negative effect, as can be seen when the patient loses weight against his/her will.

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Quilliot, D. Faut-il faire maigrir les sujets obèses avant une intervention chirurgicale ? Le cas particulier de la chirurgie bariatrique. Obes 3, 159–162 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-008-0141-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-008-0141-5

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