Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Operative Therapie proximaler Humerusfrakturen

Vergleich von vier Multicenterstudien

Surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures

Comparison of four multicenter studies

  • Originalarbeit
  • Published:
Obere Extremität Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die proximale Humerusfraktur stellt eine der großen Herausforderungen der Unfallchirurgie dar. Bei dislozierter instabiler Fraktur besteht die Indikation zur operativen Therapie. Die Differenzialindikation zwischen offener Reposition und Osteosynthese mit einer winkelstabilen Platte sowie der primären Endoprothesenimplantation wird kontrovers diskutiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Literatur mit besonderem Fokus auf das funktionelle Behandlungsergebnis der operativ versorgten Patienten. Wir versuchen Probleme in der Indikationsstellung zu identifizieren und damit eine Entscheidungshilfe bei der Wahl eines geeigneten Operationsverfahrens zu geben. Im Wesentlichen zeigt die Literaturübersicht einen vorherrschenden Trend zur kopferhaltenden Therapie mit winkelstabilen Plattenosteosynthesen bei einfachen Frakturen. Andere Osteosyntheseverfahren wie etwa die perkutane Bohrdrahtosteosynthese werden von einzelnen Kliniken durchgeführt. Instabile und grob dislozierte Frakturen mit schmalen Kalottenfragmenten werden sowohl mit offener Reposition und Osteosynthese als auch mit Humeruskopfendoprothesen sowie inversen Frakturendoprothesen versorgt. Valide randomisierte prospektive Studien liegen nicht vor. Es zeigt sich jedoch ein Trend, dass Patienten nach Implantation einer Endoprothese weniger Schmerzen haben und seltener Komplikationen erleben, während durch Osteosynthese versorgte Patienten tendenziell mehr Schmerzen, aber eine bessere Funktion haben. Ein Problem der schlechten Datenlage ist sicherlich der Tatsache geschuldet, dass es kaum Einrichtungen gibt, in denen Osteosynthesen und Endoprothesen in gleicher Qualität implantiert werden. Die Entscheidung über das Therapieregime ist sehr abhängig vom spezifischen Frakturtyp sowie von der Erfahrung des Operateurs mit den einzelnen Verfahren. Weiterhin gehen der Anspruch des Patienten und die Prognose gewichtig in die Entscheidung ein.

Die Ergebnisse der hier verglichenen Studien sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den publizierten Arbeiten der letzten Jahre und zeigen im Wesentlichen zwei Tendenzen auf. Zum einen ist das funktionelle Behandlungsergebnis nach Osteosynthese tendenziell besser als nach Implantation einer Humeruskopfendoprothese. Auf der anderen Seite sind Komplikationen und Folgeeingriffe sowie persistierende Schmerzen deutlich ausgeprägter in der Gruppe der osteosynthetisch versorgten Patienten. Wir schlussfolgern, dass die Endoprothesenimplantation eine gute Alternative bei schwer oder kaum rekonstruierbarer proximaler Humerusfraktur ist, wenn die vordringlichen Therapieziele ein komplikationsarmer Verlauf und eine zügige Schmerzreduktion sind. Steht der funktionelle Anspruch des Patienten im Vordergrund und wird eine hohe Beweglichkeit bei guter Kraftentwicklung unter Inkaufnahme einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate gewünscht, sollte eher eine Osteosynthese durchgeführt werden.

Abstract

Fractures of the proximal humerus are one of the largest challenges in orthopedic surgery. Dislocated fractures should generally be treated operatively. The decision whether open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using an angle-stable plate or primary implantation of a fracture prosthesis is difficult and controversially discussed. The aim of this work is to provide a literature overview, focusing on the functional outcome of patients treated with either procedure. We try to identify problems during the process of differential indication and, thereby, try to give support in the decision-making process.

The recent literature shows an undeniable trend for humeral head-retaining procedures, whenever possible, in dislocated fractures with large head fragments. Individual institutions have reported good results using various osteosynthesis procedures, e.g., percutaneous pin fixation, but osteosynthesis is mostly realized using angle-stable proximal humeral plates. Non-angle-stable plates are clearly not being used, because loss of reduction is a common problem.

Instable dislocated fractures with thin head fragments and head split fractures are the subject of our research since the guidelines for these fractures are controversial and contradictory. These fractures are mostly treated by angle-stable osteosynthesis or primary implantation of a prosthesis. Valid prospective randomized trials are not yet published. There is a trend showing that patients seem to report less pain and complication rates are significantly lower after implantation of a primary prosthesis. Patients after ORIF seem to have significantly better functional outcome, but report more pain and suffer from higher complication rates.

The poor database and lack of randomized trials seems to be due to the situation in most hospitals. Only a few hospitals are able to perform both procedures, ORIF and prosthesis implantation, at the same level of quality. Most surgeons favor one of these operations. Thus, the indication depends not only on the experience of the individual physician but also on the type of fracture. The patient’s health status and expectations are also factors in the decision-making process.

The results of the studies being compared are in good agreement with most recent studies and show two major trends. First, the functional outcome after ORIF is significantly better compared to prosthetic procedures. On the other hand, complication rates, revision operations, and persisting pain are much more common in ORIF patients. We conclude that the implantation of a prosthesis is a good alternative for fractures that are difficult to reduce or are at high risk for necrosis, if rapid reduction of pain and treatment without complications are the primary goals. For patients who need function, range of motion, and strength, a head-retaining procedure should be favored, accepting the risk of potential complications such as secondary dislocation or fragment necrosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4

Literatur

  1. Gerber C, Werner CML, Vienne P (2004) Internal fixation of complex fractures of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg 86(6):848–855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dietrich M, Meier C, Lattmann T et al (2008) Complex fracture of the proximal humerus in the elderly. Locking plate osteosynthesis vs hemiarthroplasty. Chirurg 79(3):231–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fakler JK, Hogan C, Heyde CE, John T (2008) Current concepts in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures. Orthopedics 31(1):42–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Handoll HHG, Gibson JNA, Madhok R (2003) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD000434

    Google Scholar 

  5. Adams JE, Sperling JW, Schleck CD et al (2007) Outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 455:176–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ambacher T, Erli HJ, Paar O (2000) Treatment outcome after primary hemi-alloarthroplasty in dislocated humeral head fractures. Zentralbl Chir 125(9):750–755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Antuna SA, Sperling JW, Cofield RH (2008) Shoulder hemiarthroplasty for acute fractures of the proximal humerus: a minimum five-year follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 17(2):202–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Besch L, Daniels-Wredenhagen M, Mueller M et al (2009) Hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder after four-part fracture of the humeral head: a long-term analysis of 34 cases. J Trauma 66(1):211–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fallatah S, Dervin GF, Brunet JA et al (2008) Functional outcome after proximal humeral fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty. Can J Surg 51(5):361–365

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hertel R (2005) Fractures of the proximal humerus in osteoporotic bone. Osteoporos Int 16(Suppl 2): 65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Schmal H, Klemt C, Südkamp NP (2004) Stellenwert der Schulterprothese bei der Behandlung der 4-Fragment-Fraktur des Oberarmkopfes. Unfallchirurg (107):75–82

  12. Ekelund A (2008) Fixation of proximal humeral fracture with angular stable plates: results of a European multicenter study. Should Concept 73–77

  13. Reuther F, Muhlhausler B, Wahl D, Nijs S (2010) Functional outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasty for fractures: A multicentre analysis. Injury 41(6):606–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nho SJ, Brophy RH, Barker JU et al (2007) Management of proximal humeral fractures based on current literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(Suppl):344–358

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lanting B, MacDermid J, Drosdowech D, Faber KJ (2008) Proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review of treatment modalities. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 17(1):42–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gallinet D, Clappaz P, Garbuio P et al (2009) Three or four parts complex proximal humerus fractures: Hemiarthroplasty versus reverse prosthesis: A comparative study of 40 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 95(1):48–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kontakis G, Koutras C, Tosounidis T, Giannoudis P (2008) Early management of proximal humeral fractures with hemiarthroplasty: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90(11):1407–1413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Krishnan SG, Bennion PW, Reineck JR, Burkhead WZ (2008) Hemiarthroplasty for proximal humeral fracture: restoration of the Gothic arch. Orthop Clin North Am 39(4):441–450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kwon YW, Zuckerman JD (2005) Outcome after treatment of proximal humeral fractures with humeral head replacement Instr Course Lect 54363–54369

  20. Loew M, Heitkemper S, Parsch D et al (2006) Influence of the design of the prosthesis on the outcome after hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder in displaced fractures of the head of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88(3):345–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Padua R, Bondi R, Ceccarelli E et al (2008) Health-related quality of life and subjective outcome after shoulder replacement for proximal humeral fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 17(2):261–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pavlopoulos DA, Badras LS, Georgiou CS et al (2007) Hemiarthroplasty for three- and four- part displaced fractures of the proximal humerus in patients over 65 years of age. Acta Orthop Belg 73(3):306–314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Phipatanakul WP, Norris TR (2005) Indications for prosthetic replacement in proximal humeral fractures. Instr Course Lect 54357–54362

  24. Qian QR, Wu HS, Zhou WJ et al (2005) Proximal humeral fractures treated with arthroplasty. Chin J Traumatol 8(5):283–288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ring D (2007) Current concepts in plate and screw fixation of osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures. Injury 38(Suppl 3):59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Anjum SN, Butt MS (2005) Treatment of comminuted proximal humerus fractures with shoulder hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients. Acta Orthop Belg 71(4):388–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bosch U, Fremerey RW, Skutek M et al (1996) Hemi-arthroplasty–primary or secondary measure for 3- and 4-fragment fractures of the proximal humerus in the elderly?. Unfallchirurg 99(9):656–664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gardner MJ, Weil Y, Barker JU et al (2007) The importance of medial support in locked plating of proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma 21(3):185–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hedtmann A, Heers G (2001) Principles of shoulder prosthesis implantation. Orthopäde 30(6):354–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Heers G, Grifka J, An KN (2001) Biomechanical considerations on shoulder joint prosthesis implantation. Orthopäde 30(6):346–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Huffman GR, Itamura JM, McGarry MH et al (2008) Neer Award 2006: Biomechanical assessment of inferior tuberosity placement during hemiarthroplasty for four-part proximal humeral fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 17(2):189–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Boileau G, Walch P (2002) Shoulder Arthroplasty: The Aequalis Shoulder System 1999 Pages. Springer, New York, S 185–190 ISBN: 3-540-63349-9

  33. Constant CR, Murley AH (1987) A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res (214):160–164

    Google Scholar 

  34. Yian EH, Ramappa AJ, Arneberg O, Gerber C (2005) The Constant score in normal shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14(2):128–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cyffka S, Habermeyer P, Hente R (2004) Results Of The Multicenter Study, 2. Symposium Frakturendoprothetik der proximalen Humerusfraktur, Berlin

  36. Robinson CM, Page RS, Hill RMF et al (2003) Primary hemiarthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A(7):1215–1223

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kontakis G, Tosounidis T, Galanakis I, Megas P (2008) Prosthetic replacement for proximal humeral fractures. Injury 39(12):1345–1358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gronhagen CM, Abbaszadegan H, Revay SA, Adolphson PY (2007) Medium-term results after primary hemiarthroplasty for comminute proximal humerus fractures: a study of 46 patients followed up for an average of 4.4 years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16(6):766–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kralinger F, Schwaiger R, Wambacher M et al (2004) Outcome after primary hemiarthroplasty for fracture of the head of the humerus. A retrospective multicentre study of 167 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 86(2):217–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fialka C, Stampfl P, Arbes S et al (2008) Primary hemiarthroplasty in four-part fractures of the proximal humerus: randomized trial of two different implant systems. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 17(2):210–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kelsch G, Roderer G, Gebhard F, Ulrich C (2008) Primary hemiarthroplasty of complex fractures of the humeral head – results for different prosthetic designs. Z Orthop Unfall 146(3):325–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Reuther F, Muller S, Wahl D (2007) Management of humeral head fractures with a trauma shoulder prosthesis: correlation between joint function and healing of the tuberosities. Acta Orthop Belg 73(2):179–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nijs S, Broos P (2009) Outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasty in acute proximal humeral fractures: a frustrating meta-analysis experience. Acta Orthop Belg 75(4):445–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehung hin: Berater- und Referententätigkeit für die Fa. Mathys AG Bettlach, Schweiz

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Reuther.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reuther, F., Garbers, E. & Rudolph, T. Operative Therapie proximaler Humerusfrakturen. Obere Extremität 6, 282–288 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-011-0136-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-011-0136-y

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation