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Adaptation of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, early in its interaction with two Pinus species that differ in resistance

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Abstract

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most devastating diseases of Pinus spp. and is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle. To study adaptation of PWN to survive in hosts that differ in resistance, we examined the self-regulatory characteristics of PWN at the biological and molecular levels early in the interaction. Two-year-old susceptible Pinus thunbergii and resistant Pinus taeda were selected for this experiment, and changes in PWNs after inoculation were assessed. qRT-PCR was used to detect changes in genes related to PWN pathogenicity and detoxification. The results showed that the migration and reproductive abilities of PWNs in P. thunbergii were stronger than those of PWNs in P. taeda. After 7 d, the number of nematodes in P. thunbergii was approximately 3.2-fold higher than in P. taeda. After 15 d, the number of nematodes in P. thunbergii was approximately twofold higher than that in P. taeda. Because PWN can adjust its sex ratio after infection, we compared the sex ratio of uninoculated PWNs, to that in the two pine species. In P. thunbergii, the female to male ratio first decreased and then stabilized over time; in P. taeda first decreased and then increased. Relative fat accumulation in PWNs increased significantly after the PWNs entered the tree body; the accumulation rate in P. thunbergii was higher than in P. taeda at 7 d, but lower after 15 d. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed significantly more bacteria on the surface of PWNs in P. taeda compared with PWNs in susceptible P. thunbergii. At 12 h after inoculation, the expression of genes related to cell-wall degradation (BxBeta1-4 and Bxpel1), effectors (BxCDP1, BxSapB1), and active oxygen metabolism (Bxy-ctl-1 and BxGST3) was 2–6 × higher in the resistant pine than in the susceptible one. In contrast, in PWNs, the expression of autophagy-related genes BxATG1 and BxATG16 was 1.5–2 times higher in P. thunbergii than in P. taeda. These results indicate that the interaction between PWNs and pine trees with different resistance levels elicits a series of physiological and molecular adaptations that affect nematode reproduction and virulence. This study will help elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of PWN in different pine trees.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China

    Yaqi Feng, Lin Rui, Xinyu Wang & Xiaoqin Wu

  2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China

    Yaqi Feng, Lin Rui, Xinyu Wang & Xiaoqin Wu

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  1. Yaqi Feng
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  2. Lin Rui
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  4. Xiaoqin Wu
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Correspondence to Xiaoqin Wu.

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Project Funding: The work was supported by the major emergency project in science and technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration (ZD202001) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

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Corresponding Editor: Tao Xu.

The original online version of this article was revised: “There are several errors in the supplementary material that were caused during production process". The correct files and links are given below.

The original online version of this article was revised: The corresponding author was incorrectly identified as Xinyu Wang during the production process. The corresponding author should be Xiaoqin Wu.

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Feng, Y., Rui, L., Wang, X. et al. Adaptation of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, early in its interaction with two Pinus species that differ in resistance. J. For. Res. 33, 1391–1400 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01416-7

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