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Phase Equilibria in Low-Temperature Regions of Phase Diagrams

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Abstract

This article considers the features and fundamental difficulties of studying low-temperature phase equilibria associated with an exponential increase in the required duration of syntheses with a decrease in temperature. Methods for accelerating the achievement of equilibrium, including the use of salt solvents, are also considered. The results of phase equilibria studies in the SrF2–LaF3 system using sodium nitrate and in the ZrO2–Sc2O3 system using sodium sulfate as fluxes are presented. The methods of extrapolation of phase diagrams to absolute zero temperature in accordance with the third law of thermodynamics are considered. Phase diagrams of the Au–Cu, Cu–Pd, Ni–Pt, and ZrO2–Y2O3 systems are presented. Phase equilibria with plagioclase ordering are considered separately, and the phase diagram of the albite–anorthite (NaAlSi3O8–CaAl2Si2O8) system is presented. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the homogeneity region of labradorite shrinks to the compound NaCaAl3Si5O16.

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Acknowledgments

The author is deeply grateful to A.A. Alexandrov and V.Yu. Proidakova for conducting the experiments and E.V. Chernova for her help in the preparation of the manuscript. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 22-13-00167) https://rscf.ru/project/22-13-00167/.

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    Pavel P. Fedorov

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This invited article is part of a special tribute issue of the Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion dedicated to the memory of Thaddeus B. “Ted” Massalski. The issue was organized by David E. Laughlin, Carnegie Mellon University; John H. Perepezko, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Wei Xiong, University of Pittsburgh; and JPED Editor-in-Chief Ursula Kattner, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

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Fedorov, P.P. Phase Equilibria in Low-Temperature Regions of Phase Diagrams. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-024-01099-7

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